Term
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Definition
- Selective: phenylethyl alcohol: small % of alcholo to not kill off everything; breaks down Gram (-) outer membranes
- Used to isolate Gram (+) cocci from mixed flora samples
- Nutrient agar plate for viability control
- Undefined
- Positive: growth
- Negative: No growth
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Term
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Definition
- Selective: 7.5% salt: if growth then osmotolerant (tolerate small amount of salt at a time) or halophile
- Differential: mannitol; Mannitol -> Fructose by mannitol dehydrogenase and then fructokinase -> fructose fermented to orgnis acids
- Indicator: phenol red
- Mannitol fermentation -> yellow medium
- USUALLY test for the presence of staphylococci
- Nutrient agar plate for viability control
- Yellow medium -> possible S. aureus
- Red medium -> staphylococci other than S. aureus
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Term
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Definition
- Crystal violet- need this b/c bile allows some gram (+)
- beta-galactoside breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose
- Lactose- differential
- Neutral red- indicator
- Bile salts- selective; inhibit growth of gram (+)
- Selects for Gram (-)
- Lactose fermenters turn the medium red
- Gram (+) - no growth
- Gram (-) - growth
- red/pink growth- probable coliform
- Colorless growth- noncoliform
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Term
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Definition
- Undefined medium
- Lactose, Sucrose, Salicin- differential
- Bile salts- selective; inhibit growth of gram (+)
- Ferric Ammonium Citrate- indicator
- Sodium thiosulfate- differential
- No growth- gram (+)
- Pink to orange Growth- produces acid from lactose fermentation; not shigella or salmonella
- blue-gree growth w/black ppt- reduces sulfur to hydrogen sulfide; salmonella
- blue-green growth- does not ferment or reduce sulfur; shigella or salmonella
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Term
| Oxidation-Fermentation Test |
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Definition
- Usedto determine an organisms' possible types of metabolism
- Any carb
- Bromthymol blue- indicator
- Overlay half w/mineral to make anaerobic environment
- Stab inoculation required b/c medium is semisolid (gradient of O2 higher at the top then bottom)
- Sealed: G/B Unsealed: any yellow - oxidation
- Sealed: Y Unsealed: Y - oxid. and/or strong ferment.
- Sealed: Y at top Unsealed: Y at top - Oxid. and/or weak ferment.
- Sealed: G/B Unsealed: G/B - nonsaccharolytic
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Term
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Definition
- Determines an organisms' preferred type of metabolism
- Any carb
- Phenol red- indicator
- Durham tubes- gas production
- Red broth- no fermentation
- Yellow- fermentation
- orange- degredation of peptone; alkaline end products
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Term
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Definition
- Indirect test of metabolism and rapid
- ETC, flavoprotein bypasses final e- acceptor (cytochrome C) and transfers e- directly onto O2
- Creates toxic H2O2 and O2
- Catalase converts H2O2 into water and O2
- Plastic loops
- Bubbles- catalase present
- No bubbles- catalase not present
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Term
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Definition
- To test for presence of this enzyme, we use an artificial electron donor, TMPP
- Enzyme: cytochrome c oxidase- makes the final e- transfer of the chain from cytochrome c to oxygen inside the cell
- Dark blue- positive- cytochrome c oxidase present
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Term
| Methyl-Red and Voges-Prokauer |
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Definition
- One differential broth for two biochemical tests
- MR: glucose -> pyruvate -> mixed acids; add methyl red later; acid- red; base or neutral- orange
- VP: glucose -> pyruvate -> 2,3-butanediol; pyruvate -> acetylaldehyde and alpha-acetolactate -> acetoin -> 2,3-butanediol; neutral to acidic to neutral; transfer culture + alpha-napthol +KOH; red- positive (acetoin produced) orange- negative (acetoin not produced)
- Substrate fermented- glucose
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Term
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Definition
- Differentiate facultative enterics
- Defined medium
- carbon source- sodium citrate; selective
- Nitrogen source- ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
- Bromthymol blue- indicator
- Citrate is brought into cell and fermented by citrate permease
- citrate used then N source is also used and makes: ammonia an ammonium hydroxide
- Medium turns blue- citrate used (+)
- Medium has growth- citrate used (+)- due to incomplete incubation
- pH at end of (+) is alkaline
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Term
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Definition
- glucose metabolized
- remove a carboxyl group from AA
- acidic and anaerobic environment
- undefined medium
- lysine- differential
- Bromoresol blue- indicator
- Mineral oil
- 24-48 hr: anaerobic envrnmnet forces glucose ferment (Y)
- 48 hr on: acid and anaerobic turns on enzyme (lysine -> cadavarine); purple and turbid
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Term
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Definition
- Medium contains an abundance of phenylalanine
- Slant for aerobic rxn
- phenylalanine -> phenylpyruvic acid and NH3
- phenylpyruvic acid + ferric chloride = green slant (+)
- ferric chloride- indicator
- Removal of an amine group
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Term
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Definition
- Used mainly to identify gram (-)
- nitrate- differential
- not selective, no indicator
- Gas bubble = nitrate -> N2
- + 8 drops reagent A & B; red - nitrate to nitrite
- not red + zinc- not red: nitrate to denitrification products; red: negative
- Enzyme: nitrate reductase
- Anaerobic respiration
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Term
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Definition
- Intracellular enzyme, medium will change color if (+)
- Bile: selective
- Esculin: Differential
- Ferric citrate: indicator
- esculin -> esculetin + glucose +Fe3+
- Do not use for gram (-) b.c so many can overcome bile
- identify streptococcus bovis group streptococci and enterococci
- slant
- >1/2 slant darken to be (+)
- Esculin natrually derived from bark of the Horse Chestnut tree
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Term
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Definition
- intracellular enxyme activity
- enzyme: urease
- urea -> CO2 + ammonia
- differential- urea
- indicator- phenol red
- media is almost exclusively urea to prevent microbe from using other substrates
- pink- positive for urease
- orange or yellow- negative
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Term
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Definition
- Branched or linear
- branched uses oligo-1,6-glucosidase
- linear uses alpha-amylase
- secrete enzyme into media and then bring glucose in
- starch is soluble, use iodine to see halo for (+) result; amylase present
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Term
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Definition
- insoluble protein in milk that gives it the white opaque
- enzyme: casease
- casein -> AA subunits
- secrete casease into milk agar, break down proteins, and halo seen after incubation
- halo = + = casease
- Extracellular enzyme
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Term
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Definition
- Gelatin from collagen (component of vert connective tissue)
- Drawbacks: melts above 28 degrees C and some microbes digest it
- gelatinase
- gelatin -> AA
- stab
- solid -> liquid = (+)
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Term
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Definition
- sulfur reduction: cysteine to H2S thanks to cysteine desulfurase; sodium thiosulfate to H2S thanks to thiosulfate reductase; H2S + ferrous ammonium sulfate = ferric sulfate (black ppt); anaerobic and acid rxn
- Indole production: tryptophan to indole thanks to tryptophanase; indole + Kovac's reagent = red
- Motility: don't use b/c difficult to see cloudy growth in a cloudy media
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Term
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Definition
- Differential: lactose (1%), glucose (0.1%)
- Indicator: phenol red
- Differential: cysteine, sodium thiosulfate
- Indicator: ferrous ammonium sulfate
- Stab butt, streak slant (aerobic and anaerobic)
- fermentive, glucose used in 1st 12 hr & media yellow
- then, is lactose fermented stays yellow, if non-lactose fermenter slant undergoes reversion (red slant/Y butt)
- butt, acidic conditions microbes reduce to H2S (black)
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Term
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Definition
- blood- differential and indicator
- secrete endotoxins called hemolysins that destroy RBCs
- Gamma hemolysis- RBC not utilized; no change
- Alpha hemolysis- RBC partially utilized; green growth
- Beta hemolysis- RBC completely utilized; clearing around growth
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Term
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Definition
- rabbite plasma
- both forms: bound and free
- liquid plasma + coagulase = clumping
- Form protective fibrin barriers around individual bacterial cells or groups of cells, shielding them from attack
- Diagnose Staphylococcus aureus
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Term
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Definition
- undefines, nutrent rich deep
- Indicator is TTC
- Semisolid to allow motility
- If motile it is by flagella
- Electrons are lost where micrboes are found
- Oxidized TTC = colorless (-)
- Reduced TTC = red (+)
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Term
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Definition
- antibiotic- chemical that is naturally produced by a microbe to outcompete other organisms for resources
- Synthetic- antibicrobial or antimicrobic
- bacteriocidal- bacteria is killed
- bacteriostatic- bacteria growth is inhibited
- pH and depth constant
- Zone of Inhibition- circular area of no growth surrounding an antibiotic disc
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