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Microbiology GI
Microbiology GI Dr Hada Dr Mayi
237
Microbiology
Graduate
04/20/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anaerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Peptostreptococcus
Term
Anaerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Veillonella
Term
Anaerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Actinomyces
Term
Anaerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Fusobacterium
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Neisseria meningitidis
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Haemophilus Influenzae
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Moraxella catarrhalis
Term
Aerobic Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
Definition
Members of enterobacteriaceae
Term
Oral cavity normal flora associated with acute endocarditis
Definition
HACEK
Term
Oral cavity normal flora associated with subacute endocarditis
Definition
Viridans Streptococcus
Term
Normal flora of the stomach
Definition
Helicobacter
Term
Normal flora of the stomach
Definition
Lactobacillus
Term
Normal flora of the stomach
Definition
Streptococcus
Term
Normal flora of the small intestine
Definition
Peptostreptococcus
Term
Normal flora of the small intestine
Definition
Porphyromonas
Term
Normal flora of the small intestine
Definition
Prevotella
Term
Major reservoir of bacteria in the body
Definition
Large intestine
Term
Normal flora of the large intestine
Definition
Bacteroides
Term
Normal flora of the large intestine
Definition
Bifidobacterium (probiotic bacterium)
Term
Normal flora of the large intestine
Definition
Clostridium
Term
Normal flora of the large intestine
Definition
Eubacterium
Term
Normal flora of the large intestine
Definition
Enterococcus
Term
Normal flora of the large intestine
Definition
Escherichia coli
Term
Cariogenic biofilm formation and lactic acid production can lead to dissolution of tooth enamel known as a dental caries, which bacteria is mainly responsible
Definition
Streptococcus mutans
Term
Swelling, erythema, gum recession, bone resorption
Definition
Periodontal disease
Term
Early colonizers of periodontal biofilm formation
Definition
Gram + bacteria
Term
late colonizers of periodontal biofilm formation
Definition
Gram - bacteria (Tannerella forsythus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Treponema)
Term
Bacterial products leading to inflammatory response in periodontal disease
Definition
Endotoxins and volatile sulfur products
Term
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis (trench mouth, vincents angina)is caused by what bacteria
Definition
Synergistic infection involving: Treponema vincentii, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum
Term
This bacteria causes gastritis and gastric ulcers
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Sharp burning pain emanating from the abdomen
Definition
Gastritis
Term
Gram (-), vibrio with 6 polar-sheathed flagella (highly motile)
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Contains urease
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Provides alkaline environment by converting urea into ammonia
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Acting as an antigen patients show elevated levels of IgA and IgG
Definition
Urease, H. pylori
Term
Uses flagella to move through mucus to stomach lining and resist effects of peristaltic flushing
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Adherence to epithelial cells using an adhesin which is the same molecule found on human O type RBC
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Humans are primary reservoir, person to person transmission through fecal oral or oral fecal, worldwide incidence is high
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Diagnosis using endoscopic exam for lesions and biopsy specimen
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Diagnosis using noninvasive urea breathe test (UBT)
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Can Diagnosis through ELISA but endoscopy may be required for confirmation
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Treat with antibiotics plus acid suppressors
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Bacteria causing acute bacterial diarrhea
Definition
Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae,
Term
Frequent loose, watery stools, abdominal cramps and pain, fever, bleeding, dizziness from dehydration
Definition
Acute bacterial diarrhea
Term
Transmitted by contaminated food, treatment is variable, most cases are self limiting
Definition
Acute bacterial diarrhea
Term
Gram (-) bacilli with flagella, member of enterobacteriaceae
Definition
Salmonella
Term
More than 200 serotypes based on O and H antigens
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Obstruction of small intestine leads to colonization of bacterium from the large intestine
Definition
Blind loop syndrome
Term
Cause most cases of salmonellosis
Definition
variants Paratyphi, Hirschefeldii, Typhimurium
Term
Salmonella in reptiles
Definition
Variant Arizona hinawii
Term
Salmonella responsible for typhoid fever
Definition
Variant typhi
Term
Ability to grow in M cells of pyers patches and nonactivated macrophages
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Pathogenicity islands contain adhesins responsible for entry and possible systemic spread, also contains an endotoxin
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Ingestion of organism>absorbed to epithelial cells in terminal SI>penetrate cells and migrate to lamina propria>multiply in lymphoid follicles>PMNs confine infection to GI>inflammtion causes release of prostaglandins>hypothalamus>Inc cAMP>fluid secretion resulting in diarrhea
Definition
Salmonellosis, Salmonella
Term
Spread of bacteria not confined to GI leading to prolonged disease and focal infections (osteomyelitis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, menigitis)
Definition
Septicemia, Salmonella
Term
First week of infection contains no diarrhea>2nd week contains intracellular replication and prolonged bacteremia>Weeks 3-5 include includes infection of biliary system, rose colored spots and diarrhea
Definition
Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
Complications include intestinal perforation, bleeding, and pneumonia
Definition
Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
One of the more common bacterial diseases in the US, caused by contaminated food (beef, poultry, eggs, dairy)
Definition
Salmonellosis, Salmonella
Term
Large animal reservoir of: cattle, chickens, rodents, reptiles
Definition
Salmonellosis, Salmonella
Term
Large number of bacteria are required for symptomatic disease so person to person transmission is not common
Definition
Salmonellosis, Salmonella
Term
Human carriers (gall bladder) are the only known reservoir
Definition
Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
Major route of transmission is through water contaminated with human feces, low infectious dose so person to person spread is common, usually acquired in endemic areas of developing countries
Definition
Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
Diagnosis from isolation of fecal matter, serological tests determines O antigen, differentiate from shigella includes: motile, bile resistant, H2S and gas production from fermentation
Definition
Salmonellosis, Salmonella
Term
Blood cultures during first 2 weeks of illness
Definition
Septicemia and Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
Treatment includes: replenish fluid loss, antibiotics are not used because they prolong the carrier state and do not shorten course of illness
Definition
Salmenollosis, Salmonella
Term
Unlike salmonellosis treatment involves use of antibiotics
Definition
Septicemia and Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
Vaccine for poultry is used and has reduced incidence
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Vaccine available and effective, especially in children in locations where incidence is high
Definition
Typhoid fever, Salmonella
Term
Salmonella and typhoid fever are reportable diseases
Definition
True
Term
Non motile, no H2S or gas production during fermentation, inhibited by high concentrations of bile
Definition
Shigella
Term
H. pylori is a member of Enterobacteriaceae
Definition
False
Term
Salmonella is a member of Enterobacteriaceae
Definition
True
Term
Shigella is a member of Enterobacteriaceae
Definition
True
Term
Well known species of Shigella
Definition
S. dysenteriae
Term
Well known species of Shigella
Definition
S. flexneri
Term
Well known species of Shigella
Definition
S sonnei
Term
Virulence factor contains a shiga toxin, ability to induce phagocytosis grow within and kill host
Definition
Shigella
Term
Shiga toxin is an enterotoxin
Definition
True
Term
Demonstrates both cytotoxic and neurotoxic activity
Definition
Shiga toxin
Term
A-B toxin (A binds to ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis) damaging the mucosa and villi leading to bleeding and heavy secretion of mucus
Definition
Shiga toxin
Term
Lesions develop in the intestinal tract in stages: penetrate>spread>kill>histology shows micro ulcers or gross ulcers with sloughing epithelium
Definition
Shigella
Term
Symptoms vary from asymptomatic to severe with abdominal cramps, blood and pus in stool. Disease runs its course in about 10 days
Definition
Shigellosis-bacillary dysentery, Shigella
Term
Humans are natural host, low infectious dose with high communicability, spread by direct fecal oral or mechanical route. Majority of cases occur in children 1-10 yoa
Definition
Shigella
Term
In the US and other developed countries this is the most common spp of Shigella
Definition
S. sonnei
Term
Diagnosis by loose stool containing mucus and bright red blood
Definition
Shigella
Term
Fresh passed stool specimens for isolating bacterium, if stored too long, acid in feces will inhibit growth
Definition
Shigella
Term
Negative Triple iron sugar test (TSI)
Definition
Shigella
Term
Treat dehydration and fever, all infections treated with antibiotics
Definition
Shigella
Term
Shigella is a reportable disease
Definition
True
Term
Member of Enterobacteriaceae, normal flora of intestinal tract, cause many opportunistic and nosocomial infections
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Small gram (-) rod with fimbriae and flagella
Definition
Escherichia
Term
O, H, K antigen determined for epidemiological studies
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Infects small intestine, 2 plasmid enterotoxins causing fluid and electrolyte loss, similar to cholera toxin
Definition
ETEC
Term
Primary cause of travelers disease
Definition
ETEC
Term
Aka shiga toxin
Definition
EHEC
Term
Infects the large intestine producing 2 cytotoxins, type III secretion system introduces bacterial products directly into gut epithelial cells
Definition
EHEC
Term
Verocytotoxins
Definition
EHEC
Term
May cause a variety of illness including watery diarrhea followed by bloody diarrhea with little or no fever and Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Definition
EHEC
Term
Most common serotype causing HUS
Definition
O157:H7
Term
Acute renal failure and thrombocytopenia with highest incidence in children <5 yoa
Definition
HUS
Term
Foods of animal origin are probably the major source of human infection, mainly hamburgers
Definition
EHEC
Term
Epidemic infantile diarrhea with non blood stool
Definition
EPEC
Term
Dysentery with scant, blood stools with mucus and PMNs like shigella, however, does not produce a toxin
Definition
EIEC
Term
Infection occurs in adults and nosocomial infections in infants
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Transmission is not person to person, rather via contaminated food or water
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Most common strains of Escherichia producing disease in developing countries
Definition
EHEC
Term
In addition to ground beef, infection includes contaminated water, unpasteurized milk, fruit juice, uncooked vegetables, fruits
Definition
EHEC
Term
If suspected diagnosis stool cultures on MacConkey-sorbitol agar
Definition
HUS
Term
diagnostic test used to differentiate EHEC from normal flora Escherichia
Definition
MacConkey-sorbitol agar
Term
This medium contains bile salts that inhibit growth of gram (+) bacteria, pH indicator reveals fermentation of sorbitol
Definition
MacConkey-sorbitol agar
Term
Does not ferment sorbitol
Definition
EHEC
Term
Assay for enterotoxins or presence of toxin genes on plasmids, serology and pulse field gel electrophoresis for epidemiology
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Antibiotic resistance is a problem, spread of R factors is common among strains of species
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Treatment for short term illness does not recommend antibiotics, long term illness does and infants (except for one strain) do recommend antibiotics
Definition
Escherichia
Term
Antibiotics increase risk of developing HUS
Definition
EHEC
Term
Most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the US
Definition
Campylobacter jejuni
Term
Gram (-), vibrio like, wings of a seagull
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Includes LPS, enterotoxin, flagella; bacteremia in some patients.ulcerated, edematous, and bloody invasion of mucosal surface, infiltration of lamina propria with neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Infection varies from asymtomatic to acute gastroenteritis with liquid and/or bloody diarrhea. In older compromised individuals disease may appear as acute bactermia with inflammatory bowel and cause death
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
20-40% of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) cases are preceded by this bacteria
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Unknown mechanism causing acute paralysis
Definition
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Term
Flora of mammals (pigs, cattle, dogs, cats, rabbits, and birds including poultry), contaminated water and other foods cause large outbreaks especially in developed countries
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Campylobacter is a reportable disease
Definition
False
Term
Individuals at risk are those who are exposed to a large number of organisms and lack gastric acids
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Fecal oral and person to person transmission occur but it is unlikely to be transmitted by food handlers
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Diagnosis: Use dark field microscopy and Campy BAP
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Specialized media containing antibiotics to inhibit other fecal organisms
Definition
Campy BAP
Term
Grow best at reduced oxygen and 42C
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Treatment includes rehydration with electrolytes for mild cases, antibiotics for more sever cases
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Causes GI tract disease found in cooler areas of the US
Definition
Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Term
Causes sever abdominal pain sometimes mistaken for appendicitis
Definition
Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Term
Gram (+), endospore forming, obligate anerobe
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
The use can clindomycin, ampicilin, and cephalosprins may lead to pseudomembranous colitis
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
May be resistant to antibiotic, gastric acid inhibitors may predispose over growth of bacterium
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
2 enterotoxins, A and B, cause necrosis in the wall of the intestine
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
source of infecting strain can be endogenous or exogneous, risk factors include antibiotic exposure, old age, female, and impaired intestinal motility
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
Incidence varies with degree of hospital incidence with bacterial spores
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
Other than Clostridium difficile, this bacteria may cause antibiotic resistant colitis
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Term
Use a combination of test for presumptive diagnosis
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
Treatment includes avoiding drugs that slow intestinal motility or broad antibiotics and substitute antibiotics
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
Probiotics and donor stool translplants are attempted
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
Large number of spores shed in stool, especially in hospital environment
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Term
Short, gram (-) curved rod with polar flagella
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Natural habitat is marine or brackish water but can survive in fresh water
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
A-B type ADP ribosylating toxin with 5 B and 2 A subunits
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
TCBS agar
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Toxin binds Gm1 gangliosides on host mucosal cells allowing A1 subunit to inhibit systhensis of G1 protein used to regulate adenylate cyclase which controlls cAMP levels. This leads to electrolyte imbalance and diarrhea
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Rice water diarrhea
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Fecal oral transmission, human spread is increased by the bacterias ability to survive in fresh water as well as salt water
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Human caries serve as reservoirs (2 type): convalescent sheds for several months after illness, chronic carrier is usually an older individual carrying the organism in the gall bladder with intermittent shedding
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Theory of permanent reservoir in estuaries and marshes in tropical and subtropical areas of the world (India, bangladesh, gulf coast of US)
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Most cases involve contaminated seafood from gulf waters
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
killed, whole cell vaccine does not provide long term immunity but is effective for travelers
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
Vibrio cholerae is a reportable disease
Definition
True
Term
Acute bacterial diarrhea with vomiting (food poisoning)
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens
Term
Found in: custards, sauces, cream pastries, processed meats, chicken salad, ham that have been contaminated and left unrefrigerated for a few hours, heating food after toxin prevention may not prevent disease
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Term
2 clinical forms of food poisoning producing to enterotoxins: 1 emetic form and 1 diarrheal form
Definition
Bacillus cereus
Term
Incubation period of ~4 hr. Heat stable enterotoxin found in fried rice and vegetables.
Definition
Emetic form, Bacillus cereus
Term
Incubation of ~16-18 hours. Heat-labile enterotoxin associated with abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Found in contaminated meat and vegetables
Definition
Term
Gram (+) spore forming, naturally present in soil
Definition
Bacillus cereus
Term
Non enveloped with a double layered protein capsid resistant to drying, detergents, and pH
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Virus has a wheel like appearance
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
One of the proteins contains a viral enterotoxin. Group A are the major cause of of this virus worldwide
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Viral disease severe in infants <2 yoa
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Major cause of death in children <5 yoa
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Cause of infant diarrhea (Human Infantile Gastroenteritis)
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain. Asymptomatic in adults
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Cell culture is not performed because it is difficult to cultivate virus from clinical specimen
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Virus spread primarily by fecal oral route. Asymptomatic shedding may occur, fomites can remain infectious at room temp for many months
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Outbreaks in N America occur in fall, winter, spring. Worldwide occur throughout the year
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Immunity after infection of this virus only lessens severity of subsequent infection. Protective immunity requires IgA in the gut lumen
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
Virus is inactivated by chlorine and contains to live oral vaccines
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
The initial vaccine for this virus was taken off the market due to intussesception
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
No anti viral treatment available. Replenish fluid and electrolytes. Do not give fruit juices or soda due to high glucose content
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
This virus has been known to bind blood group antigens in animal excretions
Definition
Norovirus
Term
More data is needed to conclusively call this a zoonotic virus
Definition
Norovirus
Term
Most important non bacterial cause of acute gastroenteritis for all ages, worldwide
Definition
Norovirus
Term
Sometimes referred to as stomach flu, although not related to influenza
Definition
Norovirus
Term
Many different strains of this virus prevent lifelong immunity. Dehydration occurs in the very young, elderly, and weakened immune systems
Definition
Norovirus
Term
Cruise ships are particularly vulnerable due to crowding, frequent passenger changes, and difficult decontamination in short time periods
Definition
Norovirus
Term
Highly contagious virus spread through fecal oral, fomites, inhalation, direct contact. Day cares are a major source of infection
Definition
Norovirus
Term
There is a vaccine and antiviral drugs for Norovirus
Definition
False
Term
Star like morphology
Definition
Astroviruses
Term
Of the 8 types of this virus, Type 1 is most commonly seen worldwide
Definition
Astroviruses
Term
Infection is seen primarily in children <1 yoa suggesting lack of maternal antibodies. Incidence mostly in tropical climates during winter months
Definition
Astroviruses
Term
There is a vaccine and antiviral drugs for Astroviruses
Definition
False
Term
Symptoms include release of liver enzymes and classic icteric symptoms: jaundince, dark urine, and clay colored stool
Definition
Hepatitis
Term
Most common cause of acute hepatitis
Definition
HAV
Term
Most common cause of chronic hepatitis
Definition
HCV
Term
Waterborne hepatitis viruses
Definition
HAV, HEV
Term
Blood borne hepatitis viruses
Definition
HBV, HCV, HDV
Term
Blood borne hepatitis viruses
Definition
HBV, HCV, HDV
Term
Blood borne hepatitis viruses
Definition
HBV, HCV, HDV
Term
Hepatitis that persists >6 mth is termed chronic
Definition
True
Term
Liver damage due to hepatitis is not due to cytopathic effect bur rather immune mediated attack on infected hepatocytes
Definition
True
Term
There is only 1 serotype of HAV
Definition
True
Term
Complete recovery from this form of hepatitis is seen 99% of the time
Definition
HAV
Term
Complete recovery from this form of hepatitis is seen 99% of the time
Definition
HAV
Term
Lab diagnosis of this virus is done by ELISA with early detection of anti___ IgM
Definition
HAV
Term
Transmission of this virus is through fecal oral route (fresh or salt water in shellfish or contaminated sewage), sharing utensils, sexual, poor hygiene, and overcrowding
Definition
HAV
Term
Virus causes mild disease in children, abrupt onset in adults, worldwide incidence with no seasonal incidence
Definition
HAV
Term
Virus contains a protease that cleaves an important component of the IFN signaling pathyway reducing type 1 interferon respone
Definition
HAV
Term
Antibody protection for HAV is lifetlong
Definition
True
Term
If HAV vaccine is given within 2 weeks of exposure to illness there is an 80% efficacy in prevention
Definition
True
Term
There is no antiviral treatment, however, Ig given within 2 weeks of exposure can prevent clinical illness
Definition
HAV
Term
Chlorine treatment does not kill HAV
Definition
False
Term
Viral core contains DNA, RT, core antigen, and a specific glycoprotein
Definition
HBV
Term
Dane particle
Definition
HBV
Term
Viral envelope contains an immunogenic surface antigen which binds and block the action of neutralizing antibodies
Definition
HBV
Term
Serological diagnosis by profile of antibodies against core or surface antigens
Definition
HBV
Term
Histological hallmark is a ground-glass hepatocyte cytopathology
Definition
HBV
Term
Presence of this antigen indicates an active HBV infection
Definition
HBeAg
Term
Key diagnostic test for HBV infection is detection of this antigen
Definition
HBsAg
Term
Appearance of this indicates decreased HBV replication
Definition
Anti-HBe
Term
Transmission for this virus includes: neonatal from mothers blood, sexual activity, IV drug use. At risk regions include China, Alaska, Africa, Pacific Islands
Definition
HBV
Term
In the USA prevalence of this virus is highest in asians, african americans, and native americans
Definition
HBV
Term
Single serotype, vaccine includes the surface antigen
Definition
HBV
Term
Requires HBVsAg to cause infection
Definition
HDV
Term
Smallest human pathogen known so far
Definition
HDV
Term
Viral RNA has ribozyme activity
Definition
HDV
Term
Transmission through blood, semen, vaginal secretion. May lead to chronic infection including enchephalopathy and massive hepatic necrosis
Definition
HDV
Term
No Ig or vaccine available but HBV vaccine will indirectly prevent against this virus
Definition
HDV
Term
Acute infection is usually asymptomatic and may go undiagnosed. This sets up a chronic infection and predisposes the liver to cirrhosis and carcinoma
Definition
HCV
Term
Long term consequences are more severe than HBV
Definition
HCV
Term
Transmission: blood, needles, tattoo, piercing, circumcision, less frequently sex and perinatal
Definition
HCV
Term
Treat with alpha-2 interferon alone or in combination with Ribavirin for large increases in ALT serum levels
Definition
HCV
Term
Hemolytic anemia is a side effect of Ribavirin, therefore Hg levels should be monitored
Definition
HCV
Term
Identified as the causative agent for non-A, non-B hepatitis
Definition
HCV
Term
Enteric non-A, non-B
Definition
HEV
Term
Spread through fecal oral route and contaminated water, cases in Japan resulted in consumption of deer or pig meat
Definition
HEV
Term
Mortality rate higher than HAV especially for pregnant women in 3rd trimester
Definition
HEV
Term
Most problematic in developing countries: India, pakistan, nepal, burma, north africa, mexico
Definition
HEV
Term
Infection clinically indistinguishable from HAV and self limiting. Recently there has been development of an ELISA for Igm
Definition
HEV
Term
Diarrhea, cramps, fever, leukocytosis, inflammation, necrosis
Definition
Clostridium difficile
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