tuberculosis Bacteria

Disseminated Tuberculosis Bacteria

pneumonia Bacteria

Gastrointestinal disease Bacteria

Oral hairy leukoplakia, possible lymphoma Virus

Staphyloccoccus saprophyticus

                Proteus mirabilis

                Klebsiella Pneumoniae

                Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

                Enterococcus species

                Any enteric bacteria can be an opportunist

Ecoli 80%

Prostatitis:

Urgent and frequent urination

                Ecoli 80%

Pyelonephritis:

90% Ecoli

                Meds administered IV, can cause permanent damage to kidneys

Vaginitis:

CA: Trichomonas vaginalis

                Symptoms: Intense itching, and thick white discharge

                Treamtement: Metronidazole

Gonorrhea: Gonococcal

CA: Neisseria gonorrhea

                Virulence factors: attach to epithelial lining, and sperm cells, damages the mucosa of fallopian tubes, and digests IgA, survives inside neutrophils.

                95% of males will have urethral drip in 14 days, dysuria. Increased sexual activity, the pill, and IUD’s have led to the increase of GC in women. ½ of women will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) leading to infertility.

                Treatment: Single injection of ceftriaxone (cephalosporin) cirpoflaxin can no longer be used because of lots of drug resistant strains.

Chlamydia: Obligate intracellular pathogen-bacterial but has to grow inside other cells, survives inside phagocytes.

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), most common of all bacterial STDs

                Symptoms are similar to NG, but less severe.

                Treatment: doxycycline or azithromycin (Zithromax)

Syphilis:

CA: Treponema Pallidium

                Highly motile, fastidious growth requirements, passed by all body fluids including saliva.

                Virulence factors: proteins that enable it to adhere to human cells and hyaluronidase which helps it to infiltrate intracellular cells

                Primarystage: Chancre forms at original site, Chnacre becomes hard lesion with non discharge.

                Primary latent period: all external signs of disease disappear, but test are still postitive. If not treated, it moves to next (secondary) stage.

                Secondary stage: 3-6 weeks after chancre appears, copper colored rash appears on the palms of hand and soles of feet, fever

                Secondary latent stage: another reprieve when no symptoms are seen, many don’t progress to next stage.

                Tertiary stage: Permanent damage, formation of gummas

                Treatment-penicillin, tetracycline, or erythromycin

CA: Haemophilus ducreyi

                Buboes swell to great size and erupt, soft lesions

                Azithromycin (Zithromax), ceftriaxone, infection can occur repeatedly

Herpesvirus infections:

HSV 1 – fever blisters and cold sores, generally from waste up. Usually establishes latency in trigeminal ganglion.

                HSV 2 – generally from waist down, establishes latency in the sacral ganglion, both produce same type of lesions

                Usually travels along the sensory nerve to epithelial cells. HSV is protected from immunse system by hiding in a nerve cell

                Herpetic whitlow – common in health care prfessionals

                Treatment: acyclovir decreases viral shedding, prevents the spreading of lesions and shortens healing time.

Genital warts: 

                CA: Human papillomavirus (naked DNA viruses)

                Treatment: Cryosurgery (freezing), Electrosurgery (burning), Laser treatment, Gardasil was 100% effective against HPV strains 16 and 18, but 70% of cases of cervical cancer

One example of a terminal electron acceptor that can be used in anaerobic respiration is:

Lactic acid

Oxygen

Water

Sulfate

When yeast cells are growing by fermentation, molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis are oxidized to NAD+ by:

ATP synthase

Complex 1 of the electron transport chain

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

The reduction of pyruvate to ethanol and CO2

During Aerobic respiration, what is the total number of ATP molecoles an animal cell obtains for each molecule of glucose catabolized (broken down):

2

8

36

38

Each molecule of NADH yields - molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation:

1

2

3

4

During respiration, each molecule of glucose produces a total of - molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation:

1

2

4

8

During chemiosmosis, the potential energy of the - is used to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation:

Kreb's cycle

Proton motive force

Electron transport chain

none of the above

Fermentative bacteria produce ATP strictly by oxidative phosphorylation

T

F

Two molecules of pyruvate are made from each molecule of glucose during glycolysis:

T

F

Pyruvate is made during glycolysis regardless of whether growth is occuring by fermentation or respiration:

T

F

All six carbon atoms in a molecule of glucose are eventually oxidized to CO2 by enzymatic reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle:

T

F

Which of the following is not a part of the innate immune defenses:

Antibody production

The complement system

The inflammatory response

The presense of lysozyme in saliva

The number of new and existing cases of a disease is a number that describes the - of that disease:

Etiology

Incidence

Prevalence

Propagation

currently in Haiti, the high incidence of cholera due to contaminated waters has resulted in a:

Pandemic

Propagated epidemic

endemic

common-source outbreak

Mucous membranes contain large numbers of which type of immunoglobulin:

IgM

IgD

IgA

IgG

Which of the following is not a direct result of the complement system:

opsonization

the formation of membrane attack complexes

inflammation

the production of interferon proteins

Which of the following is a physical barrier to infection:

antibodies

mucus membranes

lysozyme

phagocytes

Which of the following phagocytic cells are commonly referred to as polymorphonucleocytes:

Neutrophils

Dendritic cells

Eosinophils

Macrophages

Fever is a response to infection that has no apparent benefit to the affected individual

T

F

The main class of anibodies found in the blood is IgG:

T

F

the production of memory B cells requires the activity of helper T cells

T

F

Viruses are:

A type of bacteria

composed of a nucleic acid genome, a protin capsid, and someties an envelope

obligate intracellular parasites

Both A and C

Both B and C

A helical virus has:

A rod-shaped morphology

A spherical morphology

A polygonal morphology

no envelope

Viruses are generally:

about the same size as bacteria 

smaller than bacteria

In retroviruses, such as HIV, the key enzyme that allows DNA to be made form an RNA genome is:

Reverse transcriptase

RNA replicase

The number of bacteriophages in a solution can be estimated by counting the number of - that develop in a Petri plate culture of bacteria:

Plaques

Cells

Spores

Diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy and creutzfeldt-jakob disease are caused by virus-like particles called:

virion

viroids

prions

phages

Viral genomes are composed or either DNA or RNA

T

F

Most viruses are non-specific and infect a wide range of cell types

t

f

infection by some viruses has been directly linked to the onset of cancer

t

f

Several animal viruses are routinely cultures in chicken eggs

t

f

Antimicrobial chemical that can be applied to living tissue are called

sanitizers

antiseptics

sterilants

the use-dillution test is especially usefull for determining the - of an antimicrobial agent

zone of inhibition

efficacy

minimum inhibitory concentration

The ideal disifectant has all the following characteristics except the following

activity against only a specific group of microorganisms

low cost

a low level of host toxicity

Which of the following type of molecules attacks membranes and has both a hydrophobic end and a polar end that is capable of hydrogen bonding

oxidizers

surfactants

alcohols

If a bacterial culture undergoes lyophilization, it has been 

pasteurized

sterilized in an atoclave

freeze-dried

The two strands of DNA in a double helix are held together by - bonds

hydrogen

ionic

covalent

phosphodiester

Active transport

requires no energy

moves molecules against their concentration gradient

results in the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Which of the following statements is true?

fimbriae function in cell motility

Fimbriae function in surface adhesion

finbriae are generally longer and less numerous than flagella

Which of the following is false concerning itochondria and chloroplasts

they both contain DNA

They are both found in nearly all cell type

the both divide by binary fission

Which of the following genera of bacteria has an acid fast cells walls tructure and contains pathogenic species that cause tuberculosis and leprosy?

yersinia

mycobacterium

bacillus

clostridium

Which of the following structures allows for the exchange of genetic material DNA from one bacterial cell to another

cilia

conjugation pili

flagella

if cells placee in a solution swell to the point of bursting, the solution is clearly

isotonic

hypotonic

hypertonic

chemical oxidations occur when 

a molecule loses a hydrogen atom

a molecule gains an oxygen atom

any of the above take place

Which of the following statements is true"

The grampositive cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan and is less complex than the gram negative

only grampostive bacteria hav cell walls

Nucleotide contian all but which of the following?

fatty acid

nitrogenous base

sugar

Which of the following cell structures is only found in bacteria?

peptidoglycan

cilia

cell wall

Microbiology as a science is important for

probing the fundamental processes of life

the development of medicines and vaccines

studying and improving the nutritional intake

all of the above

Lipopolysaccharides layers are found only in

gramnegative

grampositive

acidfast bacteria

the four classes of macromolecules in a cell include polysaccharides, proteins, lipis, and 

amino acids

nucleic acids

nucleotides

fatty acids

Alpha helices and beta sheets both descrive - structure in aprotein

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

The three domains of life include all but which of the following

animalia

bacteria

eukarya

achaea

Endospore formation in bacteria is usually carried out 

as a mechanisms of asexual reproduction

as a means of survival

only when nutrients are plentiful

the formation of chemical bonds by the removal of wter is a process called

hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

deamination

Tricylglycerols are lipid molecules containing

two fatty acids bound to a phosphate group

three fatty acids bound to one glycerol molecule

three glycerol molecules bound to one fatty acid

Most of a eukaryotic cell's ATP is syynthesized in the 

mitochondria

vacuoles

nucleus

Fatty acids containing at least one double bond are

solid at room temperature

saturated

unsaturated

Digestive organelles that contain enzymes to break down invading cells and large food molecules are clalled 

lysozymes

chloroplasts

vacuoles

Cells from each of the following conatin cell walls except

glycosidic

hydrogen

peptide

Highly acidic solutions

contain a large number of dissolves H+

have a ph greater than 10

cannot possibly contain living bacteria

Phospholipids in membranes contain

glycerol

a hydrophobic portion

a hydrophilic portion

all of the above

A peptide bond present in a protein is an example of

an ionic bond

a hydrogen bond

a covalent bond

none of the above

Compared to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are generally

smaller

larger

about the same size

The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from bacteria is the basis of

trangenics

the cell theory

endosymbiotic theory

If a chemical reaction converts oxygen gas to molecules of water, oxygen would be

reduced

oxidized

neither reduced nor oxidized

Organisms having a prokaryotic cell structure include

bacteria 

fungi

archaea

both A and C

Surface tension and capillary action are properties of water that are the result of 

hydrogen bonding

ionic bonding

hydrophboc interactions

bacteria stain as grampositive or gramnegative because of fundamental diffeerences in the structure of the cell 

wall

membrane

cytoplasm

fimbriae

Louis Pasteur made valuable contributions to the study of

vaccines

food preservation

food production

all of the above

postiviely charged subatomic particles are called - and are found - of an atom

neutrons/in the nucleus

protons/in in the nucleus

electron/orbiting the nucleus

Which of the following ways in which materials move acros a cell membrane does not require energy

active transport

endocytosis

osmosis

The permeability barrier that separates the outside from the inside of a cell is the 

cell wall

capsule

cytoplasmic membrane

outer membrane

Unlike eukaryotes, most prokaryotes contain

one linear chromosome

one circular chromosome

multiple circular chromosomes

multiple linear chromosomes

all cells contain all but which of the following

cytoplasm

ribosomes

mitochondria

RNA

A chemical reduction cannot occur without a subsequent chemical oxidation

t

f

Cytplasmic membranes of cell usually are present outside of the cell wall

t

f

The presence of a capsule on a bacterial cell can allow it to survive very high temps, such as that of boiling water

t

f

the movemetn of eukaryotic flagella is whiplike in motion, while bacterial flagella rotate like a propeller

t

f

Carbon atoms always form four covalent bonds withsurrounding atoms in a compound

t

f

the release of energy by the breakdown of macromolecules is called anabolism

t

f

Because bleach has a pH of almost 10, it is basic solution

t

f

ATP is a type of nucleotide

t

f

All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds

t

f

Francescos Redi's experiments with maggots on meat helped to discredit the theory of evolution

t

f

Philipp Semmelweis

Which of the following antimicrobial agents would most likely be used as an antiseptic

lysol

isopropyl alcohol

bleach