Term
| How do high temperatures control growth of bacteria? |
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Definition
-Denatures proteins
-Sterilizes bacteria |
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|
Term
| How do low temperatures control growth of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Ice crystals formed can disrupt membranes. |
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Term
Order from cold to hot of exremeophiles:
Thermophile, Hyperthermophile, Psychrophile, Mesophile |
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Definition
| Psychrophile<Mesophile<Thermophile<Hyperthermophile |
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Term
| All microbes require what for growth and reproduction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms are able to live in high [sugar]? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms are able to live in high [salt]? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Organisms that grow at high hydrostatic pressures are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wavelengths of Ultraviolet region? Visible? Infrared? |
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Definition
| 100-400, 400-700, 700-1000 nm |
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Term
| Ionizing radiation: wavelength? induces what that causes what to happen? |
|
Definition
| Formation of radical ions in cell, disrupt cell or polymerize molecules |
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Term
| UV: What does it cause in cells? |
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Definition
| Forms pyrimidine dimers in DNA, 260 worst (where DNA absorbs) |
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Term
| non-photosynthetic pigments prevent what in visible light? |
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Definition
| Formation of Oxygen radicals |
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|
Term
| How far does IR penetrate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Describe Aerobes: Obligate, Facultative, Microaerophilic
Anaerobic: Aerotolerant, Obligate |
|
Definition
1. O2 required
2. Not required but grow better with O2
3. Required but at very low levels
1. O2 not required and growth not better when present
2. O2 harmful or lethal |
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Term
| Why can't we cultivate 95-99% of microbe in the soil? |
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Definition
| Because we do not understand their gowth requirements. |
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Term
| Chemical control: there are 7 main antimicrobial agents, list 5 and name what they do or an example of what it could be. |
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Definition
Acids (degrade nucleic acids)
Alcohols (denature proteins)
Aldehydes (disrupts membrane function)
Halogens (kills cells and spores)
Heavy Metals (Hg, Ag)
Oxidizers (peroxides)
Disinfectants/Soaps (disrupt membranes) |
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Term
| Norris Geyser Basin Hot Springs: pH? High and low levels of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Genus isolated in 1971
anoxygenic green non-sulfur phototroph
olive green color |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Highest temp. purple sulfur phototroph bacterium? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a streamer and how are they formed? |
|
Definition
Icicle-like structure
Formed by CaCO3 precip on filamentous microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
| use organic compounds to produce energy |
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|
Term
What is an autotroph? 2 types.
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|
Definition
Photoautotrophs - light energy
Chemoautotrophs - energy from reduced inorganic molecules (H2S) |
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|
Term
| Energy is most often stored in what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerobic respiration 2 types. ________trophy? |
|
Definition
Respiration
Methane oxidation
**Heterotrophy |
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|
Term
| Anaerobic respiration 5 types. _______trophy? |
|
Definition
Denitrification
Fe & Mn reduction
sulfate reduction
methanogenesis
Acetogenesis
**heterotrophy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Aerobic resp.
Anaerobic resp.
Fermentation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Two microbes teaming to degrade a substance |
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|
Term
| In what process does organic matter act as the e- donor and acceptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two fermentaion pathways produce lactate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mixed acid fermentation pathway produces what 3 acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The butryic acid fermentation pathway and butanol pathways are useful because? |
|
Definition
Butanol and acetone produced- major industrial solvents
useful that they can be made by fermentation |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 products we can get from cells in Industrial Microbiology? |
|
Definition
Enzymes (Glucose isomerase)
Antibiotics (penicillin)
Food additives (AA's)
Alcohol
Chemicals (citric acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Primary Metabolite
2. Alcohol
3. Sugar
4. Cells
1. Secondary Metabolite
2. Sugar
3. Cells
4. Penicillin |
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|
Term
| Name a few products of Microbiology for the Health Industry. |
|
Definition
Antibiotics
Vitamins
AA's
Steriods |
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|
Term
| Name a few products of Microbiology for the Food Industry. |
|
Definition
Enzymes
Dairy
Wine
Brewing & Distilling
Vinegar
Yeast cells
Mushrooms |
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|
Term
| Explain how screening works. |
|
Definition
| Antibiotic producer on one side of plate secretes into lanes of other test organisms and inhibition can be observed. |
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|
Term
| During what phase of growth is penecillin produced? and what effect do nitrogen and glucose have on production? |
|
Definition
| Stationary phase, Glc and Nitrogen "feedings" keep production high |
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|
Term
| How do we isolate high-yielding strains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do vegetarians need to take Vit B12?
|
|
Definition
| Only can be obtained by eating animals (used as growth factor) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between White and Red wine? |
|
Definition
White wine the juice sits in contact with skins and takes ~5 months
Red wine is fermented sooner and for a longer period of time ~3 years |
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|
Term
| Process of beer production? |
|
Definition
| (amylases and proteinases used to make -->)Barley --> Mash --> Wort -(yeasts)-> raw beer |
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|
Term
| Bacterial role in bioleching of ores? |
|
Definition
| Chemolithotrophic bacteria oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ that is used to precipitate Cu2+ from CuS to ultimately give copper metal Cu0 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Photoautotrpohy: Aerobic (water-->O2)
Anaerobic (H2S-->SO4) |
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|
Term
| 5 types of chemoautotrophy (aerobic or anareobic?)? |
|
Definition
H2 Ox
Nitrification
Sulfur Ox.
Iron Ox.
Mn Ox.
Aerobic |
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|
Term
| What are Carotenoid Pigments & what is their function & location? |
|
Definition
| Accessory pigments that transfer energy to Chl or BChl and provide photoprotection from peroxides and superoxides. Located in photosynthetic membranes. |
|
|
Term
| What are phycobilins? function? location? |
|
Definition
Light havesting pigments of cyanobacteria and red algae
occur between thylokoid membranes. |
|
|
Term
Light Rxn: purple autotrophs
Which photosystem(s)?
e- donor?
How is NADP reduced to NADPH? |
|
Definition
PSI
H2S e- donor
Reverse e- flow from Q pool. |
|
|
Term
Anoxygenic Phototrophs: kind of bacteria?
Final e- donor?
Reducing power for CO2 fixation? |
|
Definition
Green sulfur bacteria and Heliobacteria
Ferrodoxin
Ferrodoxin |
|
|
Term
| Anoxygenic or oxygenic photosynthesis required more E to fix CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Light Rxn: Oxygenic phototrophs
Photosystems needed?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Light Rxn: Oxygenic phototrophs
What donates the e- from PSII to PSI?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cycle of the Dark Rxns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calvin cycle is used by? (5) |
|
Definition
algae
cyanobacteria
purple sulfur phototrophs
heliobacteria
chemoautotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using NADPH and ATP from light rxns to fix CO2 and form hexose |
|
|
Term
| unique enzymes to autotrophs include? functions? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoribulokinase (transfers Pi from ATP to form RuBP) and RubisCo (catalyzes addition of CO2 to RuBP) |
|
|
Term
| Green sulfur bacteria use what anoxygenic dark rxn? |
|
Definition
| Reverse of Citric acid cycle |
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|
Term
| Green non-sulfur bacteria use what anoxygenic dark rxn? |
|
Definition
| hydroxyproprionate pathway |
|
|
Term
| Sulfur reducing bacteria reduce what to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do hydrothermal vents produce and why are the tube worms around them so important? |
|
Definition
| Sulfur compounds, tube worms contain sulfur oxidizing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is a cyanobacterium called when it resides within a rock structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main points behind Natural(passive) resistance to disease? |
|
Definition
natural host resistance
Tissue specificity of pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What is active resistance to disease called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of Phagocytes? (name 2 main types, 1 with 2 subtypes) |
|
Definition
Monocytes: dendritic cells, Macrophages
Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
What is the inflammatory response due to?
|
|
Definition
nonspecific reaction to toxins and pathogens
Cytokines released by injured cells and phagocytes attract macrophages and neutrophiles that destroy the pathogen and cause inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive Immune response: Key features(3)? |
|
Definition
Specificity-rxn with individual antigens
Memory- enhanced response to next exposure
Tolerance- immune cells and antibodies don't react with self antigens |
|
|
Term
| T-Cell Receptors: Where? Function? |
|
Definition
| membrane spanning proteins that recognize and bind protein antigens on MHCs |
|
|
Term
| Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs): What? Produced by? Function? |
|
Definition
antigen presentors
produced in phagocytes
infect host cells (B Cells) |
|
|
Term
| What are two T cell functions? |
|
Definition
Produce perforins (create pore), granzymes invade host cell.
or
Imflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of granzymes? |
|
Definition
| To cause apoptosis of the host cell. |
|
|
Term
| Helper T cells stimulate B cells to develope into 1 of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1)Plasma cell- produces an antibody angainst antigen
2) Memory Cell (dormant) |
|
|
Term
| How does IgG differ from IgM? |
|
Definition
IgG has 2 receptors for antigens
IgM is made of a ring of 5 IgG type structures |
|
|
Term
| Production of antibodies: explain process. |
|
Definition
| B cell exposed to antigen, binds, processes, and loads it onto a MHC. MHC attacts T2H cell that makes B cell divide into many antibody producing plasma cells. Antibodies attach to pathogen cells marking them for destruction by phagocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement c1 proteins bind to antibody followed by C2-C4. C3 catalyzes insertion of C5-C9 proteins that creates a pore marking the cell for destruction. |
|
|
Term
| Immediate Hypersensitivity: explain |
|
Definition
| pollens stimulate the production of 2 IgE antibodies that bind mast cells at high affinity receptors. Antigens contact and cross link the antibodies causing the over release of histamines, producing allegic effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T and B cells produce antibodies/T cell rxns against 'self' proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease that's constantly present in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A usddenly occuring disease in a high number of individuals at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A widespread, usually global, epidemic disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common source
Host-to-Host (propogated transmission) |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways to control infectious disease |
|
Definition
1) Control the reservoir (animals, insects, humans)
2) Control Transmission (air filtration, food, water) |
|
|
Term
| How can we control transmission of disease? (4 things) |
|
Definition
Surveillance
Immunization
Quarantine
Pathogen eradication |
|
|
Term
| For the example of Lyme disease: what is the reservoir and the vector of transmission? |
|
Definition
R: Deer and white-footed mice
V: ticks |
|
|
Term
| Wastewater treatment process: Primary treatment |
|
Definition
| Screening and Sedimentation |
|
|
Term
| Wastewater treatment process: Secondary treatment |
|
Definition
Anoxic digestion (of sludge)
Oxidation (of soluble liquid) by: Activated sludge, Trickling filter, Aeration |
|
|
Term
| Wastewater treatment process: Tertiary treatment |
|
Definition
| Coagulation, filtration, chlorination, UV treatment |
|
|
Term
| What are periphyton and what are they used for? |
|
Definition
| A complex mix of cyanobacteria, algae, and other microbes that can absorb contaminants out of their surroundings. This is why they are used as indicators of water quality. |
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