Term
What are the six characteristics of living systems?
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Definition
Required:
Metabolism
Reproduction
Differentiation
Optional:
Communication
Movement
Evolution |
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Term
| What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three domains of comparitive rRNA sequencing? |
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Definition
Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Archaea (prokaryotic)
Eukarya (eukaryotic) |
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Term
| What are the two functions of cytoplasmic membranes? |
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Definition
Highly selective Permeability Barrier
Carrier-Mediated Transport Systems |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all chemical reactions (anabolism and catabolism) |
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Term
| What are the two reaction serieses linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the electron transport system within the cytoplasmic membrane that separates protons as electrons are transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| In aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| The electrochemical potential across the cytoplasmic membrane results in a pH gradient due to the acumulation of what molecules on either side of the barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| Through what metabolic pathway is pyruvate completely oxidized into CO2? |
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Definition
Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Krebbs cycle |
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Term
| What process converts glucose to pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Per glucose molecule, how many ATP are generated through aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
38
2 from glycolysis, 6 from NAD generated in glycolysis in the electron transport chain and 15 through the CAC twice (one for each pyruvate) |
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Term
| How many CO2 are released per molecule of glucose aerobically respirated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the killing, or removal, of all viable organisms within a growth medium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ammount of time required to reduce the viability of an organism tenfold at a given temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most successful and commonly use antivirals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the to types of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do microorganisms display that immune reactions use to identify them? |
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Definition
| Pathogen associated molecular patterns |
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Term
| What are used to identify pathogen PAMPs? |
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Definition
Pathogen recognition molecules
Pathogen recognition receptors
Toll-like receptors |
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Term
| Which helper subset activates macrophages by secreting cytokines? (cell mediated) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which helper subset plays a crucial role in B cell activation and antibody production? (antibody mediated) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five classes of immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is the most common circulating antibody, has a molecular weight of around 150,000 and is made up of four polypeptide chains? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is formed by the cooperative interaction between variable domains of both light and heavy chaines in antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin forms an aggregate of five immunoglobulin molecules with at least one J-chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is generally the first produced in response to a pathogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is found in bodily fluids such as saliva, tears, breast milk and mucosal secretion from the genital and digestive systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin tends to form dimers of two anitbodies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protein component of combined antibody structure |
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Term
| Which cell recognizes the antigen presented by MHCI? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells interact with the peptide MHCII? |
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Definition
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Term
Which interaction causes the TH1 cells to produce cytokines that activate the macrophages?
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Definition
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Term
| Which interaction uses cytokines to stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies? |
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Definition
| Antibody mediated response |
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Term
What are the general antibody receptors called on phagocytes?
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Definition
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Term
What bind to any antibody attached to an antigen and their interaction results in enhanced phagocytosis of the antibody-sensitized cells?
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Definition
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Term
What process results in enhanced phagocytosis?
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Definition
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Term
When is energy from light is used in the reduction of CO2 to organic compounds ?
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Definition
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Term
When is phototrophs use organic compound as their carbon source?
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Definition
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Term
| What process converts light energy into chemical energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step of the Calvin cycle catalyzed by? |
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Definition
| ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO) |
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Term
| What molecule catalyzes the formation of two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) from ribulose biphosphate and CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What word describes DNA replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what direction does DNA replication proceed? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which direction does RNA transcription proceed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme is used to replicate chromosomal DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| To replicate DNA, DNA polymerase requires what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a primer made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| In prokaryotes, what enzyme is used in transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What doesRNA polymerase use as a template? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many strands of DNA are used during the transcription of a given gene? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does RNA polymerase recognize during transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of the initiation of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What recognizes promoters during transcription? |
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Definition
| Sigma factor of RNA polymerase |
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Term
| Where does transcription terminate? |
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Definition
| transcription terminators |
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Term
What is located 10 bases before the start of transcription?
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Definition
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Term
| What is located 35 bases before the start of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| In prokaryotes, what two regnions within promoters are highly conserved? |
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Definition
| Pribnow box (-10) and -35 |
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Term
| What base sequence is associated with the -35 region? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a grop of related genes that are cotranscribed on a polycystronic mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of code transribes for a single amino acid, but can consist of different codons. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is found on tRNA and recognizes a codon. |
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Definition
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Term
| In prokaryotes, this ensures proper reading-frame. |
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Definition
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Term
| What sequence makes up the start codon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What codons make up stop codons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tese consist of three bases of tRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three stages of RNA processing? |
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Definition
| Splicing, capping and tail |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of introns from RNA transcripts |
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Term
| What performs RNA splicing |
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Definition
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Term
| In eukaryotes, what enzyme transcribes protein encoding genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme distinguishes retroviruses (Types VI and VII) from other virues? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a heritable change in DNA sequence that can change phenotype of an organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a strain of any cell or virus that differes from its parental strain in genotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a mutation that changes only one base pair? (This can lead to a single amino acid change in a protein or even no change.) |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation that does not affect the amino acid sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation that changes an amino acid, and thus a polypeptide. |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, thus encoding for an incomplete polypeptide. |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation where the deletion or insertion cause a shift in reading frame. (This often results in a complete loss of gene function.) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six basic genetic engineering techniques? |
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Definition
Restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis
Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid probes
Molecular cloning
Cloning vectors |
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Term
| These DNA ends form bonds with complementary pairs, then are removed by DNA lisage. |
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Definition
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Term
| An end to DNA where there are no unpaired bases. |
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Definition
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Term
| These can be stained with ethidium bromide so that DNA can be visualized under UV light. |
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Definition
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Term
| This genetic engineering technique takes the base pairing of a single strande of DNA or RNA from two different sources to get a hybrid double helix. |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid hybridization |
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Term
| This single-stranded DNA segment is used in nucleic acid hybridization has a predetermined identity. |
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Definition
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Term
| This hybridization proceedure uses DNA in gel and uses DNA or RNA as a probe. |
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Definition
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Term
| This hybridiation proceedure uses RNA in a gel. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most cloning vectors are derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When inserting a DNA fragment into a cloning vector, how is it generally inserted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme is used to combine two DNA molecules? (works on both sticky or blunt ends.) |
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Definition
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Term
| This form of mutenogenisis is performed in vitro and introduces a mutation at a precise location. |
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Definition
| Site-directed mutenogenisis |
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Term
| These promoters or coding sequences of genes of interest can be swapped with those of reporter genes to elucidate gene regulation under various conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What common cloning vector contains ampicillin resistance and IacZ gene (with polylinker (multiple cloning site) inside the gene)? |
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Definition
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Term
Which category of bacteria carries out anoxyogenic photosynthesis and contains bacteriochlorophylls and cartenoid pigments? |
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Definition
Purple phototrophic bacteria |
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Term
What category is purple nonsulfur bachteria? |
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Definition
Purple phototrophic bacteria |
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Term
Autotrophic reaction that uses H2 as the sole electron donor and O2 as the electron acceptor. |
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Definition
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Term
Which type of bacteria uses a knallgas reaction? |
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Definition
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria |
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Term
| What does a blue color indicate in screening? |
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Definition
| Absence of the vector with the foreign DNA inserted |
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Term
| What does a white color indicate in screening? |
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Definition
| Presence of the vector with the foreign DNA inserted |
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Term
| Which bacteria are straight or curved rods with polar flagella, chemoorganotrophs and obligate aerobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of energy users are most gram-positive bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tyoe of bacteria plays an important role in the production of buttermilk, silage and other products? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria is of dairy significance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which metabolic reaction uses a dipeptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria perform Strickland reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria was first discovered in Swiss cheese? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria is primarily found in soil. filamentous and gram-positive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the earthy smell bacterial metabolism can cause called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria has 50% of its species produce antibiotics? (Over 500 different antibiotics produced.) |
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Definition
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Term
| What genus of bacteria are Oscillatoria and Nostoc? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria is a facutative aerobic chemoorganotroph, stalked, budding, primarily aquatic organism with an extensive cell compartementalization including a membrane-enclosed nuclear structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bacteria is responsible for lyme disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major groups of Archaea? |
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Definition
Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota |
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Term
| This phylogenetic group has traits of bacteria and eukarya, but most resembles eukayra despite being prokaryotic. |
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Definition
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Term
| This euryarchaeota is one of the smallest cellular organisms at .4 μm. |
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Definition
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Term
| This group of archaea inhabit temperature extremes, many are hyperthermophiles, while others are found in the extreme cold. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which group of organisms has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and several other organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiration (CAC) and oxydative phosphorylation occur here. |
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Definition
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Term
Similar to mitochondria, these lack TCA cycle enzymes and cristae. Through the oxidation of pyruvate, they release H2, CO2 and acetate.
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Definition
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Term
| Chlorophyll-containing organelle found in phototrophic eukaryotes. The lumen is called a stroma, which contains lots of RubisCO for the Calvin cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| This organelle stacks separately from the ER, but in concert with it to modify the products of the ER for secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane-enclosed compartments full of digestive enzymes used for hydrolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compartments that oxidize various compounds and also function in the synthesis of bile salts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi form multicellular networks called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyphae grow together to form compact tufts called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyphae that extend above the surface can produce asexual spores called... |
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Definition
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