Term
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Definition
A suspension of microorganisms or fractions of microorganisms that is used to induce immunity |
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Term
Why do anitigens in vaccines not cause disease? |
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Definition
They are either killed, weakened or non-living |
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Term
What are the four main types of vaccines? What are two other types of vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Attenuated whole-agent 2) Inactivated whole-agent 3) Subunit 4) Toxoids Other: 1) Conjugated 2) Nucleic acid |
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Term
Describe an attenuated whole-agent vaccine? |
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Definition
Uses living, but weakened microbes--weakened by serial passage through a "poor" host for the virus |
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Term
What are three examples of an attenuated whole-agent vaccine? |
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Definition
1) MMR-measles, mump and rubella 2) Oral Polio virus vaccine 3) Tuberculosis vaccine |
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Term
What are four advantages of an attenuated whole-agent vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Microbes multiply in the body 2) The original dose is increased with time, acting as a series of secondary immunizations 3) Generally provides strong and long lasting immunity 4) Immunizes contacts, good for the entire population |
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Term
What are two disadvantages of an attenuated whole-agent vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Not recommended for immunosuppressed people 2) Microbes can back mutate to a more virulent form |
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Term
Describe inactivated whole-agent vaccine. |
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Definition
Uses microbes that are "killed" by chemical (usually with formalin or phenol) or physical treatment |
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Term
Give three examples of inactivated whole-agent vaccine. |
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Definition
1) Influenza 2) Inactivated Polio virus vaccine 3) Rabies |
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Term
What are two advantages of inactivated whole-agent vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Not disease-causing because microbes are non-living 2) Cannot harm immunosuppressed people |
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Term
What are three disadvantages of inactivated whole-agent vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Antigen dose doesn't increase in the host since microbes cannot multiply 2) Short-lived immunity, immunity is not as strong as with attenuated whole-agent vaccines 3) Doesn't immunize contacts, not good for the entire population |
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Term
Describe a subunit vaccine. |
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Definition
Contain only part of a microorganism that best stimulate an immune response, such as a bacterial cell wall, capsule components, viral coat or envelope |
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Term
What are the two basic types of subunit vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Capsular: use bacterial capsular proteins 2) Recombinant: use viral proteins that are made by genetic engineering |
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Term
What is an advantage of subunit vaccines? |
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Definition
Not disease-causing, microbes are non-living |
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Term
What is a disadvantage of subunit vaccines? |
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Definition
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Term
What are two examples of a subunit vaccine? |
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Definition
1) Hepatitis B 2) Pneumococcal pneumonia |
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Term
Describe a toxoid vaccine. |
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Definition
A bacterial toxin that is inactivated with chemicals without altering its antigenic properties. Produces antibodies that can bind to the toxoid and that actual toxin. The neutralizes the toxin by stopping attachment to the host cells. |
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Term
What are two examples of toxoid vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Tetanus toxoid 2) Diphtheria toxoid |
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Term
What are three advantages of toxoid vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Stimulate strong antibody production 2) Produce long-lasting memory cells 3) Toxoid cannot cause any disease |
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Term
What are two disadvantages of toxoid vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Require series of injections 2) Require boosters every 10 years |
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Term
What are four characteristics of conjugated vaccines? |
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Definition
1) This has been developed to deal with poor immune response of children to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides. 2) Polysaccharides are T-independent antigens. 3) Children's immune system do not respond to these antigens until the age 15-24 months 4) Polysaccharides are combined with proteins such as diphtheria toxoid |
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Term
What is an example of a conjugated vaccine? |
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Definition
Hib vaccine: capsular polysaccharides and diphtheria toxoid together to enhance immune response; provides significant protection even at 2 months of age |
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Term
What are three characteristics of nucleic acid vaccines? |
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Definition
1) DNA vaccines are among the newest and most promising vaccines 2) There aren't any commercial DNA vaccines for humans 3) DNA remain efficient only until it is degraded |
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Term
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Definition
Defenses against any pathogen Immunity you are born with |
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Term
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Definition
Specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins made in response to an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
Study of reactions between antibodies and antigens |
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Term
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Definition
Generic term for serum because it contains antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Serum fraction containing Ab |
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Term
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Definition
Developed during an individual's lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
Antibody-mediated immunity Involves Ab produced by B cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Immunity resulting from infection; when a person gets sick |
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Definition
Naturally acquired active immunity |
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Term
Immunity acquired transplacental or via colustrum (when a fetus or infant gets immunity from mother) |
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Definition
Naturally acquired passive immunity |
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Term
Immunity acquired from the injection of Ag (vaccination or immunization) |
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Definition
Artificially acquired active immunity |
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Term
Immunity acquired from the injection of Ab or serum globulins |
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Definition
Artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
1) Hapten molecule and carrier molecule together make the complete antigen 2) Hapten molecules are too small to stimulate antibody formation, but with carrier molecules they form larger antigens that can stimulate antibody response |
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Term
Five characteristics of antibodies. |
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Definition
1) Antibodies have a "Y" shape 2) Antibody is made up of heavy chains and light chains 3) Di-sulfide bonds link different regions together 4) An antibody has a constant region (c) and a variable region (v) 5) Antigens attach to the variable region of the antibody molecule |
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Term
What are the five classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies)? |
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Definition
1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgD 5) IgE |
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Term
Which antibody is the most abundant in serum? |
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Definition
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Term
What antibody is the most abundant in our body? |
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Definition
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Term
Which antibody is the least abundant in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
Which antibodies are monomers? |
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Definition
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Term
Which antibodies are dimers? |
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Definition
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Term
What antibodies are pentamers? |
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Definition
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Term
Which antibody is found in mucus, saliva and tears? |
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Definition
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Term
Which antibody is found on B cells? |
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Definition
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Term
What antibody can fix complement? |
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Definition
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Term
Which antibody can agglutinate antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
Presence of which antibody indicates a current infection? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe B cell clonal selection. |
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Definition
When a B cell recognizes and binds to the specific antigen; B cell proliferates into a large clone of cells; in other words, B cell makes large number of similar B cells |
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Term
Differentiation of B cells |
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Definition
Some B cells differentiate into long-lived memory cells and remain in the body for ever; Some B cells differentiate into plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
Body doesn't make antibodies against it's own self cells. The immune system can differentiate between self and nonself. |
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Term
Clonal deletion in relation to our immune system |
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Definition
Process of destroying B and T cells that react to self-antigens |
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Term
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Definition
Programmed cell death; human body makes about 100 million lymphocytes each day so an equal number must die |
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Term
What are the six ways Ag-Ab binding helps stop pathogenic bateria from causing disease? |
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Definition
1) Agglutination 2) Opsonization 3) Neutralization 4) Activation of complement 5) Inflammation 6) Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
enhance phagocytosis by decreasing the number of infectious units |
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Term
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Definition
Immune adherence: enhance phagocytosis by coating antigen with antibody |
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Term
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Definition
block attachment of bacteria and viruses to the mucosal membranes; block active site of toxins |
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Term
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Definition
Attract complement to the surface of bacteria, this leads to cell lysis or cytolysis |
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Term
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Definition
disruption of cells by complement attract phagocytes and other immune system cells |
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Term
Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
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Definition
enhance the activity of non-specific immune system cells; NK cells and neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
The chemical messengers of immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
Cytokines that act as communicators between leukocytes |
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Term
What are antigen presenting cells? |
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Definition
Dendritic cells, abundant in the skin and mucous membranes, that ingest and process the antigen and display fragments of the antigen on the surface |
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Term
What are the four types of T cells? |
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Definition
1) Helper T cells 2) Cytotoxic T cells 3) Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells 4) Suppressor T cells |
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Term
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Definition
Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity Activate B cells |
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Term
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Definition
Releasing a protein called perforin Forms a pore in the membrane causing the infected cell to lyse |
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Term
Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells |
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Definition
Associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, reaction to poison ivy and tuberculin skin test |
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Term
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Definition
Turn off immune response when antigen is no longer present |
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Term
Describe T-dependent antigens and give an example |
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Definition
Requires the assistance of helper T cells to produce antibodies; proteins found on viruses and bacteria |
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Term
Describe T-independent antigens and give an example |
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Definition
Antigens that stimulate the B cells to make antibodies without the aid of helper T cells; polysaccharides of the bacterial capsule |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of resistance to a disease |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to ward off disease |
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Term
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Definition
Defenses against any pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
Immunity to a specific pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
1) Skin (dermis and epidermis): mechanical and chemical 2) Mucous membranes: mechanical and chemical 3) Normal microbiota |
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Term
What are some examples of mechanical muscous membrane defenses? |
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Definition
1) Mucus: microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs 2) Lacrimal apparatus: washes eye 3) Saliva: washes microbes off 4) Ciliary escalator: cilia propel microbes trapped in mucus toward the throat |
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Term
What are some chemical examples of defense? |
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Definition
1) Sebum: fatty acids inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi; low pH of skin 2) Lysozyme in fluids break the chemical bonds on peptidoglycan 3) Low pH of stomach acid 4) Transferrins (iron binding protein) in blood |
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Term
How do normal microbiota act as a defense? |
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Definition
Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion; inhabit all possible niches of the human body and compete with pathogens for habitat and available nutrients |
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Term
What is phagocytosis? Explain how it relates to human defenses against pathogenic microbes. |
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Definition
The ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell Phagocytes ingest invading microbes to digest and neutrolize them |
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Term
What are the four stages of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
1) Chemotaxis 2) Adherence 3) Ingestion 4) Digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
attachment to the plasma membrane of the phagocyte |
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Term
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Definition
with the help of pseudopods and form phagosomes (phagocytic vesicles) |
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Term
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Definition
1) Phagosome enters the cytoplasm, meet with lysosomes forming phagolysosome 2) Lysozyme and other enzymes hydrolyse the bacterial components 3) Lysosomes produce toxic oxygen products by a process called "oxidative burst" 4) Residual body is discharged from the cell |
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Term
What are the two main types of white blood cells that perform phagocytosis in the human body? |
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Definition
1) Neutrophils 2) Macrophages? |
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Term
Phagocytosis comes under which line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
Give two examples of microbial evasion of phagocytosis. |
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Definition
1) Escape phagosome: Shigella 2) Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion:HIV 3) Survive in phagolysosome: Coxiella burnetti |
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Term
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Definition
Defensive response to the damaged body tissues |
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Term
What are five signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
1) Redness 2) Pain 3) Heat 4) Swelling (edema) 5) Loss of function |
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Term
Inflammation comes under which line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three functions of inflammation? |
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Definition
1) Destroy the agent causing the disease 2) Limit the effect 3) Repair |
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Term
What are the three stages of inflammation? |
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Definition
1) Vasodilation 2) Phagocyte migration and phagocytosis 3) Tissue repair |
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Term
Three functions of vasodilation |
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Definition
1) Increase blood flow to the damaged area cause redness (erythema), heat and pain 2) Blood clots prevent the microbe from spreading 3) Localize collection of pus and dead cells (abcess) |
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Term
Four characteristics of phagocyte migration and phagocytosis. |
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Definition
1) Phagocytes appear on the scene within an hour 2) Phagocytes begin to stick to the lining of blood vessels (margination) 3) Phagocytes squeeze between the blood vessel cells and reach the damaged area (emigration or diapedesis) 4) Phagocytes begin to destroy the invading microbes |
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Term
Three characteristics of tissue repair. |
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Definition
Epidermis or dermis produces new cells 1) Depends on the type of tissue: skin-regenerate faster heart muscle-does not regenerate 2) Tissue is repaired when epidermis or dermis produces new cells 3) If dermal cells are more active than the epidermal cells, scar tissue is formed |
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Term
What are the four chemicals released by damaged cells that are responsible for vasodilation? |
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Definition
1) Histamine 2) Kinins 3) Prostaglandins 4) Leukotrienes |
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Term
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Definition
Phagocytes begin to stick to the lining of blood vessels |
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Term
What is emigration (diapedesis)? |
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Definition
Phagocytes squeeze between the blood vessel cells and reach the damaged area |
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Term
Chills and shivering is a sign that? |
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Definition
1) Body has increased rate of metabolism to raise temperature 2) Gram-negative endotoxin causes release of interleukin-I |
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Term
Crisis and sweating is a sign that? |
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Definition
IL-1 is eliminated body temperature falls |
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Term
Fixed macrophages (histiocytes) |
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Definition
Found in lungs, liver, bronchi, nervous system, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
roam tissues; gather at sites of infection |
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Term
What are five conditions in which phagocytosis can be less effective? |
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Definition
1) Born with an inability to produce phagocytes 2) Progressive decline with age 3) Recipients of heart and kidney transplants 4) Radiation treatments 5) Aids and cancer patients |
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Term
Name an antimicrobial substance that is involved in our second line of defense and how does it work. |
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Definition
Gamma interferon: causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocyte bacteria |
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Term
Describe the complement system |
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Definition
Over 30 proteins produced by liver and found circulating in the blood serum; number C1-C9, serum proteins are activated in a cascade, for example C5-C9 cause cytolysis |
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Term
Three characteristics of complement system |
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Definition
Opsonization or immune adherence: enhanced phagocytosis Membrane attack complex (MAC): cytolysis Attract phagocytes |
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Term
Three ways bacteria evade complement. |
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Definition
1) Capsules prevent Complement activation 2) Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent MAC formation 3) Enzymatic digestion of complement proteins |
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Term
Interferons are produced... |
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Definition
after viral infections by fibroblasts (found in the connective tissues) and leukocytes |
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Term
Three characteristics of interferons. |
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Definition
1) Small proteins 2) Interfere with viral multiplication 3) Host cell specific but not virus specific |
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Term
What are the three principal types of human interferons? |
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Definition
1) Alpha IFN 2) Beta IFN 3) Gamma IFN |
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Term
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Definition
cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication; produced by the virus infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocyte bacteria; produced by lymphocytes |
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