Term
| By the conversion of sugar to ethanol and CO2 by various species of the fungal yeast Saccharomyces. |
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Definition
| How are alcoholic beverages produced? |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonspecific immunity acting against all invading pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that binds to DNA and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for monnucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma |
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Definition
| 2 or more organisms living in close association |
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Term
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Definition
| Any foreign protein or polysaccharide that gets into the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes living on and in us which normally do not harm us |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to histamine that causes blood vessel dilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of B cells by being exposed to an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies are transferred from 1 individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein produced by the body in response to a substance; specifically recognizes certain parts of the foreign particles known as antigens |
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Term
| 1) IgG. 2) IgM. 3) IgA. 4) IgD. 5) IgE. All have 2 identical light polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds to 2 identical heavy polypeptide chains |
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Definition
| What are the 5 different classes of antibodies? What is the basic structure of all of these antibodies? |
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Term
| Specific/acquired immune system |
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Definition
| Consists of the type of immunity we acquire during our lifetime, specifically against certain microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by virus called variola, which is transmitted from infected skin to the respiratory tract. It then enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and localizes in the skin where it multiplies, forming pus-filled blisters, or "pox". It is highly contagious; if you survive it, you'll never get it again |
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Term
| Edward Jenner (British physician) that noticed that women who had cowpox (mild pox-like disease) before never got smallpox; hypothesized that there was enough of a similarity b/t the smallpox and cowpox diseases so that if you were infected w/ 1 of them, it would provide lasting immunity against the other. Tested this by injecting 8 yr old boy with pus from cowpox, and after a few weeks, pus from smallpox. Boy didn't get smallpox! (This became known as vaccination) |
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Definition
| Vaccination against smallpox |
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Term
| Very specific and custom made for each antigen. Not made against lipids or DNA. Found in the serum portion of blood. Are Y-shaped. Antibodies contain a variable amino acid sequence in the top portion of the antibody that actually interacts with the antigen. Also contains a constant region in the bottom that's generally conserved within a species. Also, sometimes antibodies are referred to as immunoglobulins (Ig) because they were found in the globular protein portion of serum and were associated with immunity |
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Definition
| Characteristics of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| type of antibody: largest group (quantity) produced by the body |
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Term
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Definition
| type of antibody: the first antibody to be produced upon infection |
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Term
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Definition
| type of antibody: commonly found in bodily secretions (tears, sweat, mother's milk) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of antibody: often involved in parasitic infections |
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Term
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Definition
| type of antibody: involved in allergies |
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Term
| They are much smaller than the bacteria; instead, they just act as signals to other components of the immune system so that it can destroy the bacterium |
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Definition
| Why are antibodies not effective against bacteria? |
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Term
1.) Antibodies can "tag" the invading cell for destruction by phagocytosis; speeds up this identification process by protruding from the bacterial cell.
2.) Complement proteins found in the serum will also recognize antibody adsorbed to the surface of a bacterial cell, which will then bind to the cell wall around the region of the antibody and begin a cascade of events to form a complex (often referred to as a Membrane Attack Complex [MAC]). This complex will punch a hole in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis |
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Definition
| 2 ways that antibodies can destroy bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells make and release antibody proteins in the blood. If any other pathogens are present in the blood, the antibody can now bind to them and target them for destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells do not release antibody into circulation, they instead have them on their surfaces. They serve as "reminders" of what the initial antigen looked like |
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Term
| Immature B-lymphocytes (B-cells) |
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Definition
| Cells differentiated in the bone marrow; lymphocytes that produce immunoglobulin. They have variable regions of their antibody sticking out on the surface of the cell membranes |
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Term
| Cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| Immune responses mediated by T lymphocytes |
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Term
T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus. 1) T-helper cells (Th)--> these cells are critical for initiation of the immune response by stimulating antibody production.
2.) T-killer (Tk)--> these cells can kill a foreign cell without any cooperation from the rest of the body; can also recognize/kill infected or cancerous cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Histocompatibility proteins |
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Definition
| Cell surface molecules involved in the immunological rejection of transplanted tissues and organs and in recognition b/t cells during the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| When our immune system makes antibodies against our own proteins; can be devastating |
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Term
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Definition
| type of immunity: get sick; this will establish memory |
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Term
| Active artificial immunity |
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Definition
| type of immunity: use vaccines that "fool" the immune system into thinking that you're sick. Memory cells will still be produced. (Use vaccines made of killed or mutated bacteria/virus to elicit immune response) |
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Term
| 1.) DPT- Diphtheria, Pertusis (whooping cough), and Tetanus. 2) MMR- Measles, Mumps, Rubella. 3.) Polio. 4.) Hepatitis B. 5.) Chickenpox |
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Definition
| Examples of vaccines commonly given to children |
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Term
| 1.) Natural active immunity. 2.) Active artificial immunity. 3.) Natural passive immunity. 4.) Artificial passive immunity. |
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Definition
| 4 ways to obtain immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| type of immunity: When the fetus is in the womb, it gets immunity from mom through antibodies (IgG) that are able to pass through the placenta. Can also receive IgA antibodies through breast feeding. This immunity is short-lived and no memory is established. |
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Term
| Artificial passive immunity |
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Definition
| type of immunity: Injection of antibodies isolated from another source |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of microorganisms that colonizes the body surfaces but doesn't usually cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains lipid, protein, and salt to lubricate our hair; holds nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains water and salt; also holds nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| An infection caused by pathogens that usually don't cause disease in a healthy immune system. Occurs when bacteria enter areas of the body where they're normally not found. Ex.= acne |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally present in and around hair follicles. Stress and hormonal changes can lead to pimple formation by causing the sebaceous glands to be hyperactive; when sebum is overproduced by these glands, a plug can form around the hair follicle (called a whitehead). This plug traps the bacteria and their waste products in the follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally present on everyone's skin. "Good twin". |
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Term
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Definition
| Okay under most conditions, yet can cause problems when it gets into areas where it doesn't belong. Can create boils through the worsening of pimples due to production of enzymes that destroy connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by stapholococcus aereus. Lowers blood pressure, which doesn't allow blood to get to the brain; can lead to coma or death. Ex= many menstruating women using tampon brand (Rely) were being treated for this in hospitals--> super absorbent tampon that allowed staphylococcus aereus to thrive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur when the Herpes Simplex Type I virus infects the membranes of the skin and causes blisters. This virus becomes latent in peripheral nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur upon infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Childhood disease caused by varicella virus, which is a herpes type virus. Virus is inhaled/reproduces in the skin, where it forms the pox characteristic of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| When chickenpox virus remains latent in children then later in life, becomes reactivated and manifests symptoms different from those experienced during chickenpox infection. The virus is now coming out of nerve cells instead of infecting epithelial cells. Causes a red rash around the torso region and sometimes portions of the face |
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Term
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Definition
| This fungal skin infection was mistaken to be caused by a worm b/c it spreads out on the skin in a radial fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal skin infection usually associated with locker rooms; very contagious. If anyone with athlete's foot walks across carpet, they deposit spores into carpet which can be picked up by anyone walking by with bare feet. Most fungal infections can be treated with topical cream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper respiratory system includes: |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower respiratory system includes: |
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Term
| Cells that line the trachea produce mucus; these cells have cilia that beat in an upward motion to move the mucus upward, where it's forced up to the throat to be swallowed. The body increases mucus production whenever there's a respiratory infection so it can flush out the infectious agents. |
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Definition
| How is the lower respiratory system kept free of microbes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common infections in humans |
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Term
| There are over 159 types of Rhinovirus, which is the most common cause for colds, plus over 50 adenoviruses that also cause colds. We establish memory and become immune to whatever particular cold virus once infected, but there are over 200 viruses to deal with! |
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Definition
| Why do we get colds over and over again? |
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Term
| Via direct contact. When an infected person touches their nose, getting mucus on their hand, they then spread the virus to others when they shake hands. If this person rubs their nose at some point, they infect themselves with the virus. Cold virus is generally transmitted through this route: nose--> hand--> hand--> nose. So basically, wash hands! |
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Definition
| How are colds transmitted? |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how diseases spread |
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Term
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Definition
| These people study the spread of infections throughout the population |
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Term
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Definition
| always present, but in low numbers (like colds) |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, localized outbreak (i.e., flu in LA) |
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Term
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Definition
| A large outbreak that spreads worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common infection of the lower respiratory tract; this infection starts in the URT but then spreads to LRT. Symptoms=sneezing, coughing, fever, longer duration. Doesn't kill directly; damages lungs and secondary infections occur (such as pneumonia) |
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Term
| Heart attack. Cancer. Stroke. All accidents. Flu (resulting in pneumonia). Diabetes. Cirrhosis of the liver. Suicide. Hardening of the arteries. Homicide. |
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Definition
| Top 10 Killers in the U.S. today |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA virus composed of 8 pieces of RNA. Has a very high mutation rate, so new strains are constantly emerging. Some of these mutations cause changes in the surface antigens so they aren't recognized by antibodies. |
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Term
| CDC monitors different flu strains around the world in the spring and chooses the 3 that would most likely cause problems in the U.S. the following winter. Make a combination vaccine against these strains by growing the viruses in chicken eggs. Vaccine is ready in the fall. Flu=spread by coughing/sneezing. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis survive inside phagocytes in the lungs, escaping the immune system. Over time, the lung tissue is damaged and the infected individual will have a serious cough/may cough up blood. Holes appear in lungs so they look like cheese (ewww). |
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Term
| mouth, esophagus, stomach |
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Definition
| Upper gastrointestinal tract includes: |
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Term
| small and large intestine |
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Definition
| Lower gastrointestinal tract includes: |
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Term
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Definition
| This has the same normal flora as the URT but has some unique bacteria associated with the teeth and gums |
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Term
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Definition
| Has no normal flora because of the high acidity and digestive enzymes. Exception=helicobacter pylori, which burrows into the lining |
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Term
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Definition
| Has the most simple molecules cross into blood stream here. Normal flora at the end (from the large intestine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Water absorption. Final result: fecal waste. This has the highest concentration of normal flora in the body. |
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Term
| Opportunistic members of the normal flora |
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Definition
| What are many of the diseases of the digestive tract caused by? |
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Term
| S. mutans can cause problems when it's exposed to sucrose (table sugar). Sucrose=fructose+glucose. S. mutans utilizes these 2 sugars to cause cavities. Cause plaque; when the bottom of the plaque run out of oxygen, they switch over from aerobic respiration to the fermentation of fructose, producing lactic acid. Tooth enamel can be damaged by the acid, causing the tooth to dissolve. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Can be caused by a rapid change in diet (spicy foods, alcohol). Most common cause of infection of this is e. coli. Route=fecal/oral. Travelers' disease= mild gastroenteritis. (Basically, having fecal matter/sewage in water supply, especially in developing countries) |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by genetic inheritance (rare), genetic mutation (rare), or prions in the diet. Not necessarily an infectious disease; have no nucleic acids, just protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a protozoan. Foamy, watery stool, possibly with blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by vibrio cholerae; severe form of dysentery |
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Term
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Definition
| Common culprits of this disease: chicken and turkey. Symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramping. |
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Term
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Definition
| general term used to describe any infection or inflammation of the liver; 1 of the major symptoms is jaundice, which indicates liver malfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| long term irritation of liver; also caused by alcohol abuse, impairs liver function |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted by the fecal/oral route from the food or water supply. Rare in US. there's a vaccine. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted by blood and sex. High correlation with liver cancer later on. There is a vaccine. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted by blood. no vaccine yet. |
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Term
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Definition
| the circulatory system includes: |
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Term
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Definition
| an infection of the blood system |
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Term
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Definition
| common infection of the lymphatic system, caused by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV). "mono". symptoms= lethargy, mild fever, swollen nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| This virus is a herpes type virus b/c it possesses DNA and can become latent. |
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Term
| 15-25 years old and from upper socioeconomic groups. This is b/c they tend to be isolated as children/less likely to come into close contact w/ other kids that may be infected. If infected with EBV as a child, there are mild symptoms of mono that often go unnoticed; symptoms are much more noticeable once they become older. |
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Definition
| What group of people are most affected by mononucleosis? why? |
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Term
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Definition
| central nervous system includes: |
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Term
| rest of the nerves in the body/everything besides brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system includes: |
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Term
| herpes/herpes-type infections |
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Definition
| most common infections of the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infections of the meningal membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of a viral infection that can damage the CNS. it's spread through the fecal/oral route and can lead to paralysis. CNS infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| viral infections that targets the CNS; spread by saliva from the bite of an infected animal |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of a bacterial infection that can spread to the CNS; this bacteria (which doesn't really affect healthy people) spreads to the meningal membranes and causes an inflammation response. Leads to swelling/pressure that damages brain and causes death. |
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Term
| spinal tap. a sample of cerebral spinal fluid is collected. |
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Definition
| ways to test for a CNS infection |
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Term
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Definition
| STD that's caused by spirochete shaped bacteria called Treponema palldium. Spirochetes have a corkscrew shape and are able to burrow into soft tissues; manifests itself differently depending on what stage it's in |
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Term
| primary stage of syphilis |
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Definition
| happens a few days after infection. it is an open sore, or chancre, at the initial site of contact/entry. is highly infectious. the chancre will clear up and go away. if the infection isn't treated, it can enter the secondary stage. |
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Term
| primary stage of syphilis |
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Definition
| happens a few days after infection. it is an open sore, or chancre, at the initial site of contact/entry. is highly infectious. the chancre will clear up and go away. if the infection isn't treated, it can enter the secondary stage. |
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Term
| secondary stage of syphilis |
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Definition
| happens a few weeks to a few months after first stage. . characterized by a rash all over the skin; still highly infectious |
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Term
| tertiary stage of syphilis |
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Definition
| usually happens decades after secondary stage. symptoms=skin lesions, called gumma's. there is often CNS damage and it can cause death |
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Term
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Definition
| syphilis that is transmitted from mother to fetus and can result in severe birth defects in the fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| disease caused by coccus shaped bacterium w/ protein filaments called pili extending off the surface that allow the bacteria to stick to mucus membranes. in females, symptoms=scarring may result in the fallopian tubes b/c eggs are blocked. in males, an inflammation will occur in the urethra which causes severe pain during urination. |
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Term
| (NGU) non-gonococcal urethritis |
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Definition
| these infections have symptoms that are similar to gonorrhea, however they are caused by other infectious agents |
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Term
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Definition
| example of an NGU; is a protozoan (eukaryotic), the method of treatment differs significantly |
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Term
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Definition
| example of an NGU; intracellular bacterium and must also be treated differently than Neisseria |
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Term
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Definition
| enveloped retrovirus; envelope contains a surface protein (GP 120) |
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Term
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Definition
| lactobacillus acidophilus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| streptococcus thermophilus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| preserves roquefort cheese |
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Term
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Definition
| preserves bread, beer, homemade soft drinks |
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Term
| saccharomyces carlsbergensis |
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Definition
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Term
| saccharomyces ellipsoideus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| curdling milk in a very thorough manner with salt, lactic acid bacteria, and the enzyme rennin produces: |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally found in the stomach lining of calves; breaks down milk so young animal can digest it. when used to make cheese, this causes a strong curdling reaction |
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Term
| flour (contains gluten protein - sticky when wet), water, sugar, yeast. (CO2 causes the gluten to rise; alcohol evaporates in the oven) |
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Definition
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