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Microbiology Final Chapters 10-13
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77
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
05/09/2012

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Term
What is the utility of preforming an rRNA analysis on different organisms?
Definition
• The discovery of three cell types was based on the observations that ribosome’s are not the same in all cells. Ribosomes provide a method of comparing cells because ribosomes are present in all cells. Comparing the sequences of nucleotides in ribosomal RNA from different kinds of cells shows that there are three distinctly different kinds of cell groups; the eukaryotes and two different types of prokaryotes—the bacteria and the archaea. In addition to the differences in rRNA, the three domains differ in membrane lipid structure, transfer RNA molecules and sensitivity to antibiotics.
Term
What is the point of using bacteriaphages to type bacteria?
Definition
• Phage typing is a test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses and that they usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect. They are highly specialized, in the fact that they usually infect only members of a particular species, or even particular strains within a species. The source of food-associated infections can be traced by phage typing. Phages are able to infect and lyses the bacterial cells, clearing in bacterial growth, used in plaque assay.
Term
What does DNA fingerprinting tell you?
Definition
• The use of restriction enzymes enables researchers to compare the base sequences of different organisms. Restriction enzymes cut a molecule of DNA everywhere a specific base sequence appears, producing restriction fragments. A comparison of the number and size of restriction fragments that are produced from different organisms provides information about their genetic similarities and differences; the more similar the patterns, or DNA fingerprints, the more closely the organisms are expected to be. DNA fingerprinting is used to determine the source of hospital- acquired infections. However, it is currently unpractical for laboratory identification because of the great amount of time required.
Term
Taxonomic profression
Definition
i. Domain (DUMB)
ii. Kingdom (KING)
iii. Phylum (PHIL)
iv. Class (CAME)
v. Order (OVER)
vi. Family (FROM)
vii. Genus (GERMANY)
viii. Species (SHIT!)
Term
Prokaryotic species
Definition
a population of cells that share certain rRNA sequences; in conventional biochemical testing, it is a population of cells with similar characteristics.
Term
Clone
Definition
a population of cells arising from a single parent cell
Term
Strain
Definition
genetically different cells with in a clone
Term
cladogram
Definition
A dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting the classification of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arose
Term
clade
Definition
a group of genetically related organisms
Term
Fungi
Definition
(mycology = study of fungi)
-All types of fungi are multicellular except for yeasts.
- Cellular arrangement: Unicellular, filamentous, fleshy
- growth: body consists of long filaments of cells joined together (called hyphae).
Yeasts:
i. Cellular Arrangement: nonfilamentous; unicellular
Term
Algae
Definition
(Protists) Lack the tissues of plants
- Some are multicellular
- Unicellular, colonial, filamentous; tissues
Dinoflagellates (plankton). Unicellular, stores starch, neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
Term
Protozoa
Definition
- None of the organisms are multicellular
- Unicellular cellular arrangement
Term
Helminths
Definition
- All are multicellular
- Cellular arrangement consists of tissues and organs
Term
With the fungi, some can cause disease, but they are at a minority. Many species are beneficial.
Definition
• Fungi decompose dead plant matter; primary decomposers of plants that cannot be digested by animals.
- Dimorphism: two forms of growth of fungi. Such fungi can either grow as mold or as yeast. Moldlike forms produce vegetative and aerial hyphae while yeastlike forms reproduce through budding. This sensation is temperature dependent in pathogenic fungi, It is yeastlike at 37 degrees and moldlike at 25.
Term
Beneficial Fungi
Definition
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bread, wine, HBV vaccine
- Trichoderma: Cellulase
- Taxomyces: taxol
- Entomophaga: Biocontrol of the gypsy moth
- Paecilomyces: kills termites
Term
What is the structural arrangement of lichens, especially the interaction of the fungus and the green algae?
Definition
Lichen is a combination of green alga and a fungus. (considered to be part of the kingdom fungi). The two organisms exist in a mutualistic relationship (both benefit from each other) LICHEN NO LONGER EXISTS WHEN EITHER THE ALGA OR FUNGUS ARE SEPARATED AND GROW ALONE.
• When the algal partner is separated about 1% of the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis are released into the culture medium.
• When together the algal plasma membrane is more permeable and up to 60% of the products of photosynthesis are released to the fungus or are found as end products of fungal metabolism. Alga receives protection from desiccation and attachment from the fungus.
Term
What is the role of parasites?
Definition
i. Vectors: To carry disease causing organisms from one host to another.
ii. The definitive host:(mosquito) an organism that harbors the adult, sexually mature form of a parasite. Look for intracellular intrusions.
iii. The intermediate host:(human) an organism that harbors the larval or asexual stage of a helminth or protozoan.
Term
What would be the reason that gastrointestinal parasites lack a complete digestive sytem themselves?
Definition
Gastrointestinal parasites lack a complete digestive system because they can absorb nutrients from the host’s food, body fluids, and tissues.
Term
tick
Definition
rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease, relapsing fever
Term
human louse
Definition
epidemic typhus
Term
rat flea
Definition
plague
Term
mosquito
Definition
malaria, dangue fever, yellow fever, heart worm, arboviral encvephalitis
Term
tsetse fly
Definition
african trypanosomiasis
Term
kissing bug
Definition
changas disease
Term
deer fly
Definition
tularemia
Term
distinctions of Fungi v Yeast
Definition
Fungi- chemoheterotrophs that require organic compounds for energy and carbon. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
Yeast- nonfilamentous, unicellular and are typically spherical or oval
Term
Bartonella
Definition
gram negitive, human pathogen that causes cat scratch disease
Term
Argobacterium
Definition
invade plants causing crown gall which inserts a plasmid with bacterial genetic information into plants chromosomal DNA
Term
Rhizobium
Definition
infect plant induce root nodules, symbiotic relationship result in fixation of nitrogen plant for use
Term
azosprillium
Definition
soil bacteria, nitrogen fixing
Term
acetobacter, gluconobacter
Definition
makes vinegar
Term
rickettsia, ehrlichia
Definition
intercellular parasites, gram negitive, rod or coccobacilli, enter host cell by phagocytosis, are transmitted to humans by bites of insects and ticks
Term
wolbachia
Definition
only live inside host cell, most common infectious bacteria
Term
nitrobacter, nitrosomonas
Definition
chemoautotrophs, use inorganic compounds as energy and carbon dioxide as only source of carbon, reduce nitrogenous compounds
Term
sprillium
Definition
gram negitive aerobic, motile by polar flagella
Term
bulkholderia
Definition
gram negitive, aerobic, capable of degrading more than 100 different organic molecules, can grow disinfectants
Term
francisella
Definition
pleomorphic, growing only on selective media
Term
moracella
Definition
aerobic coccobacilli, causing inflamation of the eye
Term
acinetobacter
Definition
aerobic, and grows rapidly, becoming resistant to antibiotics, causing concern in hospitals
Term
neissaira
Definition
aerobic, gram negitive cocci, inhabit mucous membrane, causitive agent of gonorrhea
Term
Bordetella
Definition
nonmotile. aerobic, gram negitive rod causing whooping cough
Term
zooglea
Definition
form fluffy, slimy masses part of sewage treatment process
Term
Pseudomonas
Definition
aerobic, gram-negitive, polar flagella movement. some can glow under UV light, have as much genetic material as eukaryotes, grow in refrigerators causing food spoilage
Term
azotobacter and azomonas
Definition
nitrogen fixing
Term
legionella
Definition
liked to pneumonia, have the ability to survive and reproduce within aquatic amoebae (difficult to kill)
Term
coxiella
Definition
requires mammalian host cell to reproduce, transmitted by aerosois and contaminated milk, has high resistance of airborn transmission and heat tratment
Term
vibrio
Definition
slightly curved rods, transmitted by raw/ undercooked food causitive agents of vibrio cholera causing profuse and watery diarrhea
Term
enterobacter
Definition
gram negitive rods, facultatively anaerobic, have fibriae, active fermenters of glucose and produce bacteriocins
Term
erwinia
Definition
plant pathogen producing enzymes that hydrolyze pectin- splitting plants
Term
escherichia
Definition
most common in intestinal tract, produce exotoxins
Term
klesiella
Definition
found in soil and water, nitrogen fixation, cause pneumonia
Term
proteus
Definition
swaemer cells many flagella, distinctive appearance of concentric rings
Term
salmonella
Definition
in contaminate food, flagella capsules and cell walls serve as antigens that cause animal to form antibodies in blood
Term
serratia
Definition
produce red pigment, found on catheters causing urinary and respritory tract infections
Term
yersinia
Definition
cause plaque, common in rats and squirrels, fleas transmit as well as through respritory droplets transmission
Term
haemophilus
Definition
inhabit mucous membrane, reponsible for influenza, in blood and neeed heme group of the hemoglobin
Term
haemophilus
Definition
inhabit mucous membrane, reponsible for influenza, in blood and neeed heme group of the hemoglobin
Term
pasteurella
Definition
pathogen in domestic animals, can be transmitted to humans by dog/ cat bites
Term
bdellovibrio
Definition
gram negitive, attacks other gram negative bacteria causing host cells lyses
Term
myxococcales
Definition
most complex life cycle, vegetative cells, fruting and gliding bacteria, similar to slime molds
Term
campylobacter
Definition
microaerophilic vibrios, one polar flagella cause abortion and foodborn diseases
Term
helicobacter
Definition
microaerphilic curved rods, many flagella, cause peptic ulcers
Term
the gamaproteobacteria
Definition
beggiatoa alba (B. alba) is unusual because they grow in aquatic sediments between anerobic and aerobic layers. it uses hdrogen sulfide for energy and accumulates internal granules of sulfur. it produces slime which gives it the ability to move by gliding
Term
helical virus
Definition
a virual nucleic acid is found with in a hollow cylindrical capsid that has a helical structure
ex- ebola virus and rabies virus
Term
polyhedral viruses
Definition
many animal plant and bacterial viruses are polyhedral (or many sided virus) the capsomeres on each face from an equalateria triangle.
ex- adenovirus and poliovirus
Term
enveloped viruses
Definition
some capsids are covered by an envelope made up of combination of proteins, lipids and carbs
-some animal viruses released from host cell, use the host cells and cell plasma membrane to become the viral envelope. many cases envelope contains proteins determinded by viral nucleic acids and mature from normal host cell componets.
- many have spiked as means of attachment, idenity and ability to clump to RBCs (ex influenza)
Term
hemagglutiation
Definition
the use of the spikes to attach itself to RBCs and cause bridges
Term
non enveloped viruses
Definition
capsid has to protect nucleic acids from nuclease enzymes and promotes viruses attachment to host cells
Term
host infected by a virus
Definition
host immune system to produce antibodies, interaction between host antibodies and viruses should stop infection. however viruses can escape antibodies- by viruses and mutating their own surface proteins, so antibodies are unable to react with viruses. influenza, undergoes spike changes. this is why you can have the flu more than once, you may have antibodies to one influenza virus, but viruses can mutate and infect you agin
Term
complex viruses
Definition
complicated structure
bacteriaphage- have capsids with aditional structures attached (capsid head, dna, sheath, tail fier, base plate)
poxvirus- do not contain identifiable capsids, but have several coasts around the nucleic acid
Term
group viruses by
Definition
nucleic acid type
stratagy of replification
morphology
Term
genus name
Definition
virus
Term
family names
Definition
viribae
Term
order name
Definition
ales
Term
viral species group (viruses sharing the same)
Definition
genetic information
ecological niche (host range)
Term
viral plaque
Definition
-plaque method mixes bacteriophages with host bacteria and nutrient agar
-after several viral multiplication, cycles bacterial area surrounding the original viruses are destroyed, this area of lysis is called plaque
-each plaque originates with a single viral particle
-concentration of viruses is given as (PTU) plaque forming units
Term
Prion
Definition
"Proteinaceous Infectious particle"
-infectious agent in pure protein
- nine animal disases- spongiform encephanlopathies balck large vaculoles develope in the brain
-kuru
- creuizfeld jakob diseases
-gerstmann stanussler scheinker syndrome
-fatal faminial insomia
these diseases are caused by conversion of normal host glyroprotein called PrPc (cellular prion proteins) into infectious form called PrPsc (scabie proteins) PrPc is on chromosome 20 in humans and is involved in cell death
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