Term
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence for microbial life? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fossilized microbial mats
layers of filamentous prokaryotes |
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Term
| How old are the oldest stromatolites? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface Origin Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The first membrane-enclosed, self-replicating cells arose out of primordial soup rich in organic and inorganic compounds in ponds on Earth’s surface |
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Term
| What argue against the surface origin hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Dramatic temperature fluctuations and mixing from meteor impacts, dust clouds, and storms argue against this hypothesis |
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Term
| Sub surface origin hypothesis |
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Definition
| Life originated at hydrothermal springs on ocean floor |
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Term
| What are the two hypotheses of the origin of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things argue for the sub surface hypothesis |
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Definition
Conditions would have been more stable
Steady and abundant supply of energy (e.g., H2 and H2S) may have been available at these sites |
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Term
| What is the most likely self-replicating entity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is self replicating entity possible? |
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Definition
| RNAs can perform different catalytic functions |
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Term
| RNA may have been enclosed in a |
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Definition
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Term
| What replace RNA as catalysts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What replaces coding functions of RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did anoxic bacteria obtain carbon? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did anoxic bacteria obtain energy? |
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Definition
| H2 most likely by reacting H2S with FeS |
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Term
| What first created oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did cyanobacteria first appear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did cyanobacteria develope? |
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Definition
| A photosystem that could use H2O instead of H2S, which generates O2 |
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Term
| Why could atmospheric oxygen not accumulate? |
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Definition
| because there were still a lot of reduced material present |
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Term
| O2 oxidized Fe2 (ferrous) into |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atmospheric oxygen could accumulate |
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Term
| Oxygen was available as an _________ which resulted in more _______ |
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Definition
| electron acceptor, energy |
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Term
| Atmospheric oxygen resulted in the formation of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| there were more places availbale for colonization because there was less UV |
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Term
| Oxygen spurred evolution of |
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Definition
| organelle containing eukaryotic microorganisms |
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Term
| Unicellular eukaryotes arose on earth when? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three important things in the origin of eukaryotes |
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Definition
-rise in oxygen
-invention of respiratory metabolism in bacteria
-development of enzymes like superoxide dismutase |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobic bacteria became established in a primitive eukaryote |
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Term
| According to endosymbiosis mitochondria and chloroplasts of modern-day eukaryotes arose from |
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Definition
stable incorporation into another type of cell
A chemoorganotroph, which carried out facultatively aerobic metabolism
A cyanobacteria, which carried out oxygenic photosynthesis. |
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Term
Evidence for endosymbiosis.
Chloroplast and mitochondrial ______ are similar to bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Evidence for endosymbiosis.
Eukaryotic organellar ribosomes are _____ that inhibit bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Evidence for endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have |
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Definition
| small circular pieces of DNA |
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Term
| Formation of the eukaryotic cell hypothesis one. |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes began as a nucleas bearing lineage that later aquired mitochondria and chloroplasts through endosymbiosis. The nucleus arose spontaneously, in response to the increasing genome size |
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Term
| Formation of the eukaryotic cell, hypthesis two (hydrogen hypothesis) |
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Definition
| A eukaryotic cell arose from an intracellular relationship between a symbiont and an H2 consuming host. |
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Term
Eukaryote formation, hypothesis two.
What is the symbiont? |
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Definition
A O2 consuming, H producing bacteria.
Ancestor to a mitochondria |
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Term
Eukaryote formation, hypothesis two.
When did the nucleus arise?
When were chloroplasts aquired? |
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Definition
After a stable association
later by endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell made up of both parts of bacteria and archae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What in eukaryotes are more similar to archae? |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
| What in eukaryotes are more similar to bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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Term
| How is phylogeny inferred indirectly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Evolutionary chronometers |
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Definition
| measures evolutionary change through certain genes and protiens |
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Term
| Four features of genes employed in phylogenic analysis |
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Definition
1. Universally distributed
2. Functionally constant
3. sequence sufficiently (change over time is extremely slow)
4. of adequate length |
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Term
| The most widely used are genes encoding _______ (prokaryotes) and _______ (eukaryotes) |
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Definition
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Term
| What satisfies all criteria as a gene employed in phylogentic analysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three rRNA molecules |
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Definition
| 5S, 16S (18S in euk.), 23S |
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Term
| What kind of sequencing is used on rRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Who pioneered rRNA sequencing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Ribosomal Database project? |
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Definition
A large collection of rRNA sequences
Currently contains >1.3 million sequences
Provides a variety of analytical programs |
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Term
| What does BLAST stand for |
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Definition
| Basic Local Alignment Search Tool |
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Term
| What is BLAST and what does it do? |
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Definition
Web-based tool of the National Institutes of Health
Aligns query sequences with those in GenBank database
Helpful in identifying gene sequences |
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