Term
| Catabolism of glucose sequence |
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Definition
| Glucose -> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (2 ATP used) --> 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2 Pi and 2 NAD) --> (4 ADP-->4 ATP) --> 2 Pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
1) Broken down into organic acids, alcohols, CO2, H2
2) Or enters TCA (aka CAC,aka Kreb's cycle) |
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Term
| Sum of _________ catabolic reactions where energy is derived only by ___________ |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| Sum of _________ catabolic reactions where energy is derived only by __________ |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| Sum of _________ catabolic reactions where energy is derived only by __________ |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| after production of pyruvate: |
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Definition
-recycling of NAD+
-Waste product generation
-no energy generated |
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Term
| Where on humans do anaerobic catabolic ractions occur? |
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Definition
-Gut
-Mouth --> fermentation--> acid production --> tooth decay |
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Term
| Where on humans do anaerobic catabolic ractions occur? |
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Definition
-Gut
-Mouth --> fermentation--> acid production --> tooth decay |
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Term
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Definition
-electron carriers
-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide |
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Term
| What is the homolactic fermentation? |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate + 2NADH -> 2 lactate + 2NAD+ |
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Term
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Definition
1) milk sugar lactose (glucose + galactose) is fermented to lactate
--Thermophilic lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptoccus salivarius
2) Lactate is fermented to propionate (distinct taste), acetate, CO2 (holes)
--Propionibacterium freudenreichii |
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Term
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Definition
1) milk sugar lactose (glucose + galactose) is fermented to lactate
--Thermophilic lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptoccus salivarius
2) Lactate is fermented to propionate (distinct taste), acetate, CO2 (holes)
--Propionibacterium freudenreichii |
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Term
| Differences in glucose products from fermentation and TCA |
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Definition
Fermentation ( 2 NADH and 2 ATP)
TCA :
-2 NADH*
-2 ATP
2(4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP)*
* denotes use in ETC |
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Term
| Inhibitors and Uncouplers of the ETC |
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Definition
INHIBITORS:
-cyanide (CN-) and carbonmonoxide (CO)
-bind cytochromes, block e- transfer
UNCOUPLERS:
-dinitrophenol
-carries H+ inside and dissipates proton gradient |
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Term
Movement of e-'s in the ETC are dictated by the ____________ of the complexes/molecules.
What is the movement like? |
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Definition
-reduction potentials (E^0')
-e's move from the molecule with the more negative E^0' to the molecule with the more positive E^0' |
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Term
| What is the relationship between the reduction potentials and the electron tower? |
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Definition
-energy available from a particular type of metabolism is directly proportional to the distance the e-'s fall from the tower. in other words, the difference b/t the reduction potentials of the electron acceptor and donor is proprotional to the energy available. The bigger this difference the more energy generated.
Delta E0 = E0' (acceptor) - E0'(donor) |
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Term
| Facts about anaerobic respiration: |
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Definition
-not equivalent to fermentation
-alternative e- acceptors
-ETC changes. BActerium synthesizes new types of enzymes in teh absence of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
-NO3- --> NO2- (NitrAte Reductase = Nar)
-NO2- --> NO (NitrIte Reductase = NIR)
-NO --> N2O (Nitric Oxide Reductase=NOR)
-N20 --> N2(nitrous oxide reductase=N2or)
-NO3- -> NO2- -> NO -> N2O -> N2 |
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Term
| Chemolithotrophy fun facts! |
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Definition
-source of energy is inorganic molecules
-source of e-'s: inorganic molecules
--e donor -> energy source
--oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds
-some e- donors:
--H2S, H2, Fe+2(ferrous iron), NH4+, NO2,
-only prokaryotes!! |
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Term
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Definition
-resule of tectonic plate movements in the oceans
-plates separate
-hot fluids spew out
~2000m below the sea level
-both aerobic and anaerobic chemosynthesis combine with teh sea water to produce reduced fluids that spew out H2S, Fe2+, Mn2+ |
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Term
| explain oxidation of reduced nitrogen compounds. |
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Definition
-nitrification
-e- donors: NH4+ or NO2-
-NH4+: major decomposition product of organisms -NH3 (amino)
-NH4+ -ox-> NO2- -ox-> NO3-
-nitrifiers (NH4+ -> NO2-) (NO2 -> NO3) |
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Term
| 2 groups resulting from oxidation of reduced nitrogen compounds. |
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Definition
1) Nitrosomonas
-NH4+ 1/2 O2 --> NO2- + H2O + 2H
2) Nitrobacter
NO2- + 1/2 O2 --> NO3-
-members of these groups co-inhabit various niches |
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Term
| Practical consequences of nitrification |
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Definition
-nitrogen is limiting for plant growth --> fertilizers contain NH4+
-Converted to NO2- and NO3- rapidly
-Problem: these leach into groudwater easily due to the (-)charge. NH4+ is retained by clay particles in soil.
-React with amines to form nitrosamines -> carcinogenic
-NO3- converted to NO2- in animals, nitrite competes w/ O2 for Hb --> blue baby syndrome
-Nitrapyrin: nitrification inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
-making atmospheric nitrogen available for use. Important and limited commodity
-Reducing N2 -> NH3
-Energetically very expensive; triple bond in N2
-16 ATP's used per N2 reduced
-enzyme: nitrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
-Reducing N2 --> 2NH4+ + H2
-8 electons transferred total
-electrons come from pyruvate and NADH
-very O2 sensitive!
-needs to be protected from O2:
--anaerobic N2 fixers: no problem
--aerobic N2 fixers: several modes of protection |
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Term
| How is Nitrogenase protected from O2? |
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Definition
Ans: O2 scavenging
-Rhizobium-legume symbiosis
-Leghemoglobin is protein similar to Hb, its found in legumes
-produced by host plant
-only present in N2 fixing tissue |
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Term
| Symbiosis and N2 fixation! |
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Definition
LEGUMES AND RHIZOBIUM
-plant root hairs infected w/ Rhizobium & start nodulation
-Bacteria accumulate in nodules in structures called bacteroids inside the plant cells
-they don't multiply; only fix N2
Host provides fumarate, malate, succinate which bacteria use to:
--make pyruvate( source of e's reduction of N2 to NH3) and share NH3 w/ host.
--use in the Kreb's cycle, generate NADH, feeds into ETC |
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Term
| What is a practical use for symbiosis and N2 fixation |
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Definition
-ORGANIC FARMING
--Azolla (water fern) and Anabaena azollae
--Azolla used to enrich rice paddies for nitrogen
--Anabaena lives in leaves of Azolla and fixes nitrogen
--Azolla planted before rice
--rice overtakes or Azolla is removed
-ROTATIONAL CROPS |
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Term
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Definition
-Biological production of methane
-obligate anaerobic archaea only
-Co2 + 4 H2 -> CH4 + 2H2O
-CH3OH + H2 -> CH4 + H2O
-CH3COO- + H2O -> CH4 + HCO-
-All exogonic rxn's coupled to generation of pmf & ATP synthesize |
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Term
| Environments of methanogens |
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Definition
-Anoxic soils-marshes, swamps, moist landfills
-microbiota of human bowel
--humans excrete methane
--10^7 - 10^10 methanogens/g of human feces
-Cow's rumen
--cellulose is digested by a consortium of prokaryotes
--10^10-10^11 methanogens/g of rumen contents
--10-20% of methane secreted into the environment came from cows |
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Term
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Definition
-degradation of an organic molecule by 2 or more organisms that neither can do alone
-fermentation of alcohols and organic acids
--energetically unfavorable
--made possible b/c of syntrophy
-Ethanol fermentation (+ delta G) and Methanogenesis (-- delta G) couple to form - delta g |
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Term
| Where does domestic waste water come from and what is the goal of treating it? |
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Definition
-domestic waste water comes from sewage wand water from cooking, washing, etc.
-Goal: reduced organic and inorganci materials so that it no longer supports growth. |
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Term
| Treatment for waste water |
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Definition
1) PRIMARY TREATMENT
-physical-not microbiological
-separates particulates
2) SECONDARY TREATMENT
-microbiological
3)TERTIARY
-effluent rich in NH4 and PO4
-removed during tertiary treatment
-PO4 - removed by microbes that store phosphate
-NH4 |
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Term
| Two environmental results of pumping untreated waste water into nature |
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Definition
1) eutrophication
-too much phosphate
2) Eutrophication
-nutrient enrichment
-lots of algae growth |
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Term
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Definition
-capturing and using sunlight as energy to drive ATP synthesis and cellular growth
-Oxygenic: similar to photsynthesis in plants and algae, oxygen generated
-anoxygenic: no oxygen generated |
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Term
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Definition
=pigments (2 types)
1) cholophyll: oxygenic phototrophs
2) Bacteriochlorophyll: anoxygenic phototrophs
-Pigment color: transmitted light
-Energy: absorbed light
-Ex: chlorophyll a is green b/c it does not absorb green light |
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Term
|
Definition
-helper pigments
-absorb in the 400-550 nm range
-conjugated double bonds: trap reactive oxygen species |
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Term
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Definition
-cytoplasmic membrane
-invaginations of cytoplasmic membranes
-chlorosomes
-thylokoid membranes |
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Term
| What kind of bacteria does anoxigenic photosynthesis? |
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Definition
-purple nonsulfur bacteria
-green sulfur bacteria
-purple sulfur bacteria
-heliobacteria |
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Term
| Rhodobacteria sphaeroides |
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Definition
-purple non-sulfur proteobacterium
-lives in aquatic environments
-Metabolic capabilities:
--phototrophy
--lithotrophy
--anaerobic and aerobic respiration
--nitrogen fixation
-anoxigenic photosynthesis |
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Term
| What is a correct statment about the laboratory experiments Winogradsky did with Beggiatoa that led to the discovery of hte chemolithotrophy? |
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Definition
| -loss of granules inside the cells of Beggiatoa coincided w/ appearance of SO4- in the growth medium |
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Term
| Which of hte below is a product of fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| You have a bacterium that can perform aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor, and also fermentation to generate energy. Rank these three processes in the order of DECREASING energy yiedl. |
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Definition
| -Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation |
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Term
| Effluent from the secondary treatment in a water treatment plant is rich in: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-a compound is degraded by a consortium (2 or more) of microorganisms
-at least one of the microorganisms would be unable to survive in the absence of the other(s) in the consortium
-an energetically favorable reaction is coupled to an energetically unfavorable one |
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Term
| Methanogens can use which of the following compounds to produce methane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fe+2 + 1/2 O2 + 2H+ --> 2 Fe+3 + H20. Which statement below is correct about his equation? |
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Definition
| -O2 is being reduced to H2O |
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Term
| A certain bacterium has the following components in its ETC: cyt, cyt c, cyt a. In what order would these 3 proteins be in the ETC starting w/ the protein tha would receive the e- first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrification is a low energy yield reaction. What is one mechanism nitrifiers use to overcome this problem and meet their energy needs? |
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Definition
| they have membrane stacks that can contain large numbers of ETC's and thus maximize energy yield. |
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Term
| Which statment below is incorrect about ATP generation using the ETC |
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Definition
| O2 must be present to generate ATP |
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Term
| correct statements about ATP generation using the ETC |
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Definition
-a membrane bound mulit-subunit enzyme catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
-electrons must be relayed by the ETC to a terminal electron acceptor
-a proton gradient must be established in order to generate ATP |
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Term
| Which statement below is correct about the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid ( lactate)? |
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Definition
| energy is generated only during glycolysis |
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Term
| Correct statments about pigments used in phototropy? |
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Definition
-oxygenic phototrophs use chlorophyll for phototrophy
-anoxygenic phototrophs use bacteriocholorophyll for phototrophy
-the energy comes from the absorbed light
-the pigment color is a result of the transmitted light |
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Term
| Which below is a way that bacteria protect their nitrogenase from inactivation by O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| you have 3 diferent bacteria: Escherichia coli, Beggiatoa alba, and an acidophle Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans which use glucose, H2S, and ferrous iron (Fe2+) as electron donors for aerobic respiration, respectively. Which one of these acteria would ahve the best energy yield during aerobic respiration, which one would have hte worst? List them in the order of energy yield during aerobic respiration. (Delta E = acceptor - donor) |
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Definition
| Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Beggiatoa alba, Escherichia coli |
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Term
| You owuld like to study a particular bacterium in a lab culture. This bacterium, Ethanolus fermentii, is an ethanol fermenter. However, you find that you cannot grow this bacterium as a pure culture in the lab. What is the most likely explanation for your inability to grow this bacterium and how can you culture this bacterium? |
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Definition
| Ethanol fermentation is an energetically unfavorable reaction. Therefore, a pure culture of htis bacterium is not feasible. You need to culture it along w/ another organism such as a methanogen. |
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Term
| Nitrification and anaerobic respiration using nitrate can be coupled to rid effluent from waste water terament plants of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose + NAD+ --> CO2 + NADH. Which statment is correct? |
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Definition
| NAD+ is being reduced to NADH |
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Term
| Using water treatment chart: Where would you expect to find obligately aerobic microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| (using water treatment chart) where would you find methanogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Using diagram 3) location of nitrate reduction in the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Using diagram 3: enzyme that catalyzes nitrate reduction |
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Definition
|
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Term
| using diagram 3: location of nitrite reduction in the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| (Using diagram 3) last protein in teh ETC that transfers electrons to nitric oxide reductase (NOR) |
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Definition
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Term
| (Using diagram 3) all eukaryotes except for plants rely on organic carbon compounds to use for their energy needs. Plants use the sun's energy to convert CO2 to organic carbon compounds, which can be used by other eukaryotes. Bassed on this information, it was very unexpected to find large tube worms, giant clamps, shrimp etc (all eukaryotes) at hydrothermal vents. How do these animals obtain their organic carbon? |
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Definition
| -chemolithotrophs use the reduced inorganic compounds abundant in these environmetns as enrgy sources; these organisms can also convert CO2 to organic carbon which then serves as food for the eukaryotes. |
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Term
| (Nitrogen cycle: diagram 4) What is the nitrogen compound that should be in box 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Nitrogen cycle: diagram 4) what is the nitrogen compound that should be in box 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pigments used in phototrophy can be located on: |
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Definition
-thylokoid membranes
-chlorosomes
-invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane
-cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
| What statement below is correct about legume-Rhizobium symbiosis (use diagram 5) |
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Definition
| The plant gives organic acids to the bacteroid which can directly enter the TCA |
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Term
| Correct statments about making swiss cheese |
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Definition
-the milk sugar, lactose, is fermented by thermophilic bacteria such as Lactobacillus helveticus and streptococcus salivarius to lactate
-lactate is fermetne to propionate, acetate, and carbondioxide by propionibacterium freudenreichii
-the holes in the cheese result from carbondioxide accumulation |
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Term
| HOw many additiona ATP molecules are produced from oxidation of 1 molecule of lucose if pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis goes into TCA. Assume 3 ATP's per NADH produced and 2 ATP's per FADH2 produced (see diagrams at end of test) |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Electrons can move uni-directionally in an ETC going form complex/molecule w/ a more negative reduction ptential to one w/ a more positive reduciton potential |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: in aerobic respiration NO3- is the terminal electron acceptor |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F: during conversion of pyruvate to lactate in glucose fermentation NAD+ is oxidized back to NADH |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The membrane bound enzyme that harnesses the energy of hte proton motive force to catalyze the formation of ATP is called cytochrome C oxidase |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: secondary treatment in a water treatmetn plant is microbilogical |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: methanogenesis can be carried bout by a number of obligately anaerobic archaea and bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the host priveds the bacterium w/ ATP which it can use in the energetically expensive process of nitrogen fixation. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the following is an example of nitroen fixation: NO2 + 1/2 O2 --> NO3 |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Anoxygenic photosynthesis uses a cyclic electron flow to generate proton motive force |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Azotobacter vinlendii produces a slime layer that surrounds the cell in order to protect its nitrogenase form oxygen. This slime layer increases in thickness in low oxygen concetrations (2.5%) and decreases at near atmospheric oxygen concentrations (20%). |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: azolla and anabaena symbiosis can be used as a natural fertilizer for rice paddies |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: organisms such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi, which employ chemolithotrophy to generate energy, need to rely on inorganic compounds for this process. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: some archaea utilize a very simple system containing one protein called bacteriorhodopsin and its pigment to generate a proton motive force using light energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: if an oxidatio nreaction occurs, a reduction reaction must also occur b/c electrons cannot exist along in solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: lignin and some aromatic compounds can be catabolized by some microorganisms and enter the TCA cycle at the level of acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: caretenoids are pigments that absorb light in teh 800-1000 nm range to help gather the light energy |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an obligately phototropic bacterium. It cannot survive in the absence of light b/c it cannot genrate ATP under these conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: H20 cannot be a source of electrons for anoxygenic photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: cytochrome C oxidase which oxidizes cyt c is also resonsible for reducing O2 to water. In the absence of O2 this enzyme can also reduce NO3 to NO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Hydrolysis of the phosphate gorup on acetyl-phosphate would yield enough energy to catlyze the formation of an atp from ADP and phosphate |
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Definition
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