three kinds of tuberculosis

active, latent, diseminated (miliary)

symptoms of active tuberculosis

bloody sputum

bad cough

tubercles, which form abscesses (collection of dead neutrophils in tissue cavity)

fever, shortness of breath, weight loss

fever, and slight nonbloody cough

not contagious, although immunocompromised indv. may activate it

TUBERCULOSIS:

agent

dose

transmission

cell wall contains...?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

10

droplets

mycolic acid (fatty material)

tough bacteria, slow growing, may live 8 mos. outside body

TB:

treatment, prevention, detection

Isoniazid, 8-9 mos. gives you orange pee

there is a vaccine

Mantoux test (PPD skin test)

why is it hard to administer the TB treatment in poor countries?

people are poor and can't afford to take the drug for the full 8-9 mos, so they stop and try to save the leftovers for their family or to sell to others

(+)

Mantoux skin test?

(1) you've had the vaccine,

or

(2) you got the disease and recovered

Pneumonia is usually a 2ndary disease. Why?

It sneaks in to attack the immunosuppressed/immunocompromi-

sed or virally infected

Pneumonia targets

....

the elderly,

malnourished,

smokers,

virally infected

immunosuppressed

(2)

types of pneumonia and their agents

Pneumococcal pneumonia

(Streptococcus pneumoniae)

primary atypical pneumonia

(Mycoplasma pneumoniae)

Pneumococcal pneumoniae

-symptoms

-invasive?

-treatment

- brown bloody wet sputum, trademark; bad inflammation which may lead to cell lysis

- YES, could lead to septicemia

-PENICILLIN.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

-usually attacks...?

-transmission

-symptoms

- previously healthy ppl (college age kids)

-via droplet

-fever, dry hacking cough, mild inflammation

attaches to ciliated epithelial cells of the resp. tract; 4-5 weeks one is a carrier even after diesase leaves

treat with tetracyclines, macrolides, but not cell wall inhibitors like penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenums

was passed to humans by parrots, BIOLOGICAL VECTOR

the agent was pooed out, aerositolized

It grows under fastidious conditions

can't be grown on plate, must live inside water-bourne protozoa, breakout then live as aerosols

two kinds of plague

-names

-symptoms

-bubonic, pneumonic

B- fever/chills, invasion of lymph nodes--> bubos all over body, septicemia/gangrene

P- --> fever, bloody sputum, severe cough, breathing difficulty

pathogenicity of plague

bacteria enter through bite of flea

•Express EXOTOXINS, ANTIPHAGOCYTIC PROTEINS, PLA protease -dissolves clots and destroys complement

•Have antiphagocytic proteins to deactivate macrophages and other phagocytic cells

•weakened nonspecific and specific immune response

5 steps in life replication of a virus

Attachment

Penetration

Biosynthesis

Maturation

Release

size of a virus

size of poxvirus compared to mycobacterium, chlamydia

20-500 nm

250 nm

treatment of the plague

  --> tetracyclines, chloramphenicol (last resort drug)

treatment of chlamydia

tetracyclines, macrolides

NOT penicillin, b/c chlamydia's cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan, thus its cell wall cannot be inhibited

treatment of gonnorhea

cephalosporin

taken in the army as a preventative

Gonorrhea

Nesseria gonnorheae

Chlamydia

Chlamydia Trichamotis

gene on which people with two defective alleles could survive the plague with

pathogenicity of the Nesseria gonnorheae

makes the Opa protein,

has pili which binds receptors of epithelial cell surface

neuraminidase

hemoglutinin

-incubation time

-burst time

-burst size

of flu

1-2 days

6 hrs 100,000 viruses

hemoglutinin binds receptors on host cell

virus endocytosed

neuraminidase uncoats virus

infect and burst

uncoating inhibitor

keeps the virus from uncoating after endocytosis by neutralizing inside of endosome

base analog

stops synthesis of nucleic acid - dead end

specific to retrovirus

bind and inhibit reverse transcriptase

protease inhibitor

viral protein normally made as fusion, so proteases are needed to break them down into functional units

saquinivir is a nonusable decoy

stimulate the production of viral proteins as virus attempts to reproduce in the cell

this interferon is passed onto the neighboring cell, like Paul Revere.

anti-sense nucleic acid

RNA interference

binds the viral mRNA so that it cannot be transcribed

cytomegalovirus

what is it? how do you treat it?

eye infection

FOMIVERSEN!!!

The least virulent strain of influenza is _______.

Why?

C-strain

it lacks the uncoating factor Neurominidase.

FLU:

incubation period

burst time

burst size

dose

1-2 days

6 hours

100,000

10-100

RSV

Respiratory Syncitial Virus

-area affected

-incubation time

-enveloped? (+)/(-) sense?

-lower respiratory system

-2-4 days

-enveloped, (-) sense

Flu treatment

(2 types of mechanisms, 2 drugs each)

Amantadine, Rimantidine

-uncoating vaccine

Tamiflu, Relenza

-neuraminidase inhibitor

synagis and ribavarin

base analogs (nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor)

incubation time/ infectious period

COLD

binds I-CAM receptors

stops cell from making interferons

beer goggles "viral mRNA more appealing to ribosome than cell's"