Term
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Definition
SKIN FUNGUS
- Tinea infections
- Skin, hair, toes
- Transmitted by fomites, animals
- Blister lesions, fluid discharge
- Treatment is changing skin environment (moisture if you haven't, etc) |
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SKIN FUNGUS
- Caused by Candida albicans
- Caused when immune system failing or microbial populations in body changes
- Vulvovaginitis; yeast infection, itching, discharge, etc.
- Excessive antibiotic usage can allow this to flourish
- Oral candidiasis aka THRUSH makes white curd-like growth on mouth
- Onychia involves hardening, browning, distortion of nails |
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Definition
SKIN FUNGUS
- Occupational hazard, people who work with wood or soil
- Infection with spores make pus-filled lesions |
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LRT FUNGUS
- Usually in immunocompromised
- Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
- Found in soil and pigeon droppings
- Inhaled cells penetrate lungs, rarely get into blood stream and hurt brain / meninges |
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LRT FUNGUS
- Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
- Found in dry, dusty soil, chicken coops, bat caves
- Produces mild influenza-like symptoms |
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LRT FUNGUS
- Caused by Blastomyces dermattitdis
- Associated with dusty soil and bird droppings
- Infection causes lung lesions, persistant cough, and chest pains
- Can cause chronic pneumonia, hurt other organs in AIDs patients |
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LRT FUNGUS
- Potentially fatal
- Caused by Coccidioides immiitis
- Inhalation of spores causing a dry, hacking cough, chest pains, high fever
- Rarely, affects brain / spinal cord |
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LRT FUNGUS
- Lethal pneumonia
- Caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci
- Common in AIDs patients, complex life cycle in alveoli
- Transmitted through droplets |
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Definition
- Conidia enter body, grow as mycelium
- Caused by Aspergillius fumigatus
- Surgery may be necessary to remove
- Can also cause otomycosis in the ear, affects heart
- Aspergillus niger used in Beano to reduce flatulence
- CAN MAKE MYCOTOXINS / AFLATOXINS |
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FUNGAL TOXINS
- A. flavus & A. parastiticus
- Produce carcinogenic mycotoxins known as aflatoxins: contaminate plant products |
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Definition
- Caused by Claviceps purpurea
- Grows on grains; causes numbness, hot and cold sensations, seizures, paralysis
- LSD is derivative of alkaloid in ergots |
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Definition
PARASITE
- Several species, caused by Phlebotomus sandflies
- L. major causes cutaneous disease with ulcer sores
- L. donovani causes visceral disease (kala azar) affecting WBC's, spleen, liver |
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Definition
PARASITE INTESTINE
- Caused by Entameoba histolytica
- Cysts enter body through water/food contaminated with feces
- Trophozoites form, causing pain, bloody stools, fever (amobic dysentary)
- Rarely, parasites go elsewhere and can be deadly |
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PARASITE INTESTINE
- Caused by Giardia intestinalis
- Transmission through food / water containing sewage cysts
- Trophozites form; nasuea, diarrhea, others start after 7 days |
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PARASITE INTESTINE
- Caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis
- Through contaminated water and physical contact
- Diarrhea for 1-2 weeks, can do more to immunocompromised |
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PARASITE INTESTINE
- Caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Transmission from contaminated produce and water
- Symptoms include nausea, cramping, vomiting, etc
- Symptoms can last a month |
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Definition
URINARY PARASITE
- Sexual contact, spread
- Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
- Attaches to vagina, male urethra and prostate
- Males assymptomatic, females itching, burning, discharge |
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PARASITE BLOOD
- Malaria affects 300-500 million people
- 4 species: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum
- Anopheles mosquito transmits; Sporozites formed from human gametocytes pass into human; 1 sporozite forms 25000 merozites, which invade RBC's
- Merozites evade due to protein rearrangement, cause bursts, makes headaches, peroids of cold. Can kill.
- Quinine used for treatment |
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BLOOD PARASITE
T. brucei
- Human African Sleeping Sickness
- Transmitted by Tsetse fly; chancre at bite site, invasion of blood then CNS
- Variant GAMBIENSE causes chronic bouts of fever, headaches, sleeping patterns; parasites enter brain, coma, death
- Variant RHODESIENSE causes more acute form, still coma and death
T. cruzi
- Chagas Disease
- Found in Mexico, Central and Southern America
- Transmission through triatomid insect bites
- Parasites reproduce in blood; show up in 10-30 years |
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BLOOD PARASITE
- "Apicomplexan" parasite
- Like malaria, caused by babesia microti
- Transmitted by ticks, parasites invade RBC's, cause anemia, headache, meningitis |
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BLOOD PARASITE
- Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
- Parasites invade all cells except RBC's
- Transmission from contaminated beef, pork, lamb; cats can get from soil or birds
- No serious illness for healthy, parasites may pass through placenta and kill baby or abort. In AIDS patients, attacks brain, cerebral, kills with seizures |
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CNS PARASITE
- Primary ameobic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is caused by species of Naegleria, especially N. fowleri
- From inhalation or swimming
- Symptoms like encephalitis and meningitis |
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Definition
SYNTHETIC ANTIBIOTIC
1. Act on the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria
2. Out-compete for the sites of attachment, preventing bacterial nucleic acid synthesis and replication
3. Broad antimicrobial spectrum
4. Drug resistance to this has risen; bacteria have started to take up folic acid from surroundings |
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Definition
SYNTHETIC ANTIBIOTIC
- Interferes with cell wall synthesis of Mycobacterium |
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Definition
SYNTHETIC ANTIBIOTIC
- Block DNA Synthesis in bacteria |
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Definition
BETA LACTUM ANTIBIOTIC
i. Active against many gram positive, some gram negative
ii. Interferes with cell wall synthesis; causes burst
iii. Can cause anaphylactic shock
iv. Many resistant to penicillin produce beta lactamases; inactivate penicillin
v. Numberous synthetic penicillin have been made |
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Definition
BETA LACTUM ANTIBIOTIC
- Broad spectrum, alternative to penicillun |
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Definition
BETA LACTUM ANTIBIOTIC
- Active against rod gram negative |
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BETA LACTUM ANTIBIOTIC
- Imipenem (ex)
- Very broad, very effective |
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ANTIBIOTIC
i. Inhibits cell wall synthesis
ii. Effective against gram positive bacteria
iii. Damages ears and liver |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC (POLYPEPTIDE)
1. Affects cell membrane; interferes with cell transport; deadly ingested, used topically |
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ANTIBIOTIC (POLYPEPTIDE)
1. Increase cell membrane permeability to gram-negative rods |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides ANTIBIOTIC (DEFINITION) |
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Definition
| Blocks transcription at ribosome |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides ANTIBIOTIC
- Used for tuberculosis |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides ANTIBIOTIC
- gram negative urinary infections |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides ANTIBIOTIC
- intestinal infections or ointment |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides ANTIBIOTIC
- Gram negative bacteria in wounds |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
- Used against ricketsia and fungi
- Saved for serious occasions
- Side effects include aplastic anemia and gray syndrome |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
- Good range, kill intestinal bacteria and stain teeth |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
- Used against G+ bacteria |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
- Semi-synthetic, used on penicillin resistant
- Pseudomembranous coitis can occur, allowing Clostridium difficile to flourish |
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Term
| Streptogrammins / Oxazolidinones |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
Strep - Useful for G+ bacteria
Oxa - Useful for G+ bacteria, and S. aureus |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
- Interferes with RNA synthesis
- Hurts TB, leprosy, meningitis
- Can cause liver damage |
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Definition
ANTIFUNGAL
- Bind to ergosterol in plasma membranes, causes contents to leak out
- Nystatin: used for C. albicans in vagina
- Amphotericin B: used for systemic fungal infections |
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Definition
ANTIFUNGAL
- Inhibit enzyme to form ergosterol in fungal plasma membrane
- Used for skin and systemic infections |
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Definition
ANTIFUNGAL
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- Caspofungin used to treat candidiasis and aspergillus |
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Definition
ANTIFUNGAL
- Interupts nucleic acid synthesis
- Active against cryptococcus and candida |
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Definition
ANTI FUNGAL
- Binds to microtubules, inhibits mitosis
- Useful against ringworm and atheletes foot |
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Definition
ANTI MALARIAL
- Interfere with malaria ability to hurt RBC's through breaking down hemoglobin |
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Definition
- Interfere with DNA SYNTHESIS
- Used to treat amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis |
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Definition
| Destroys malarial parasites by releasing free radicals in RBC's |
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