Term
Phylum Chloroflexi, Phylum Chlorobi, the cyanobacteria, the purple sulfur bacteria, the green non-sulfur bacteria all have in common which of the below properties?
A. They are all prokaryotes.
B. Essentially all are phototrophs.
C. Essentially all fix nitrogen.
D. A and B.
E. A, B and C |
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Definition
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Term
“POSITIVE control” regulatory mechanisms include
A. catabolite repression.
B. repression/co-repression.
C. inducible operons.
D. attenuation.
E. all of the above except A |
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Definition
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|
Term
A microbe that is capable of biological nitrogen fixation
A. will prefer ammonia over N2.as its sole nitrogen source.
B. will prefer glucose over CO2.as its sole carbon source.
C. will prefer N2.over ammonia as its sole nitrogen source.
D. will sometimes be a eukaryote.
E. will have nif operons that are inducible |
|
Definition
| A. will prefer ammonia over N2 as its sole nitrogen source |
|
|
Term
Auxotrophic mutants
A. have biosynthetic deficiencies relative to the prototroph.
B. are resistant to multiple antibiotics.
C. are deficient in DNA repair mechanisms.
D. are often transmitted by plasmids.
E. are easily isolated by direct selection on minimal medium |
|
Definition
| A. have biosynthetic deficiencies relative to the phototroph |
|
|
Term
The cyanobacteria appeared on Planet Earth
A. approximately 3 thousand years ago.
B. approximately 300 thousand years ago.
C. approximately 3 million years ago.
D. approximately 300 million years ago.
E. approximately 3 billion years ago |
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Definition
| E. approximately 3 billion years ago |
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|
Term
The capability of a bacterial strain or species to take up naked DNA is called
A. competence.
B. fertility.
C. promiscuity.
D. transduction.
E. lysogeny |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which prokaryotic photosynthesizing organism generates O2 as a byproduct?
A. Phylum Chloroflexi
B. Cyanobacteria
C. purple sulfur bacteria
D. green non-sulfur bacteria
E. Phylum Chlorobi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the reason one would perform the Ames test?
A. Determine drug resistance of Salmonella typhimurium.
B. Determine mutation rate of Salmonella typhimurium.
C. Repair genes defective in histidine biosynthesis.
D. Repair of auxotrophic mutants.
E. Estimate the potential carcinogenicity of a chemical |
|
Definition
| E. estimate the potential carcinogenicity of a chemical |
|
|
Term
Operons dealing with the utilization of amino acids as carbon- and/or nitrogen sources (e.g., histidine [Hut] and phenylalanine [Put])
A. are repressible operons.
B. deal with biosynthesis of those amino acids.
C. may be subject to stringent response.
D. are all of the above
E. are none of the above |
|
Definition
E. are none of the above
(question on this one) |
|
|
Term
Molecular chronometers
A. may be proteins.
B. change over evolutionary time.
C. may be DNA.
D. are used in the natural or phylogenetic classification of microbes.
E. are all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hfr strains of Escherichia coli
A. are characterized by an F-factor that has integrated into the chromosome.
B. may form an F’ plasmid that contains chromosomal genetic material.
C. are “male” or donor cells.
D. have sex pili.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ratio between the numbers of a specific plasmid inside a bacterial cell to the number of chromosomes is known as
A. chromosomal copy number.
B. plasmid to chromosomal ratio.
C. relative replication ratio.
D. plasmid copy number.
E. plasmid auxotrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A bacterium exhibiting stringent response
A. is experiencing a severe amino acid shortage.
B. will contain elevated levels of ppGpp.
C. will continue biosynthesis of amino acids.
D. will have a high level of uncharged tRNA.
E. will have all of the above properties |
|
Definition
| E. will have all of the above properties |
|
|
Term
Nonsense mutations
A. occur when translation “stop codons” are prematurely inserted into mRNA.
B. stop translation of the mRNA into a functional protein.
C. have been given trivial names of “Amber,” Opal,” and “Ochre.”
D. result in a defective gene product.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nonsense-suppressor mutations
A. allow a translation stop codon to be ignored.
B. require a change in tRNA specificity.
C. restore in the original, wild phenotype.
D. result in substitution of an amino acid into the position specified by the stop codon in the mRNA.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Betagalactosidase is
A. an enzyme typically found in Escherichia coli.
B. encoded by a gene in the Lac operon.
C. catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cyclic AMP is involved in
A. a positive-control regulatory mechanism.
B. the ability of a microbe to choose a carbon source.
C. a mechanism in which it (cyclic AMP) interacts with an allosteric protein.
D. a phenomenon known as catabolite repression.
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids require four-carbon skeletons that are provided by
A. the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas gylcolytic pathway.
B. the TCA cycle.
C. the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.
D. anapleurotic pathways.
E. Calvin cycle |
|
Definition
| the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway |
|
|
Term
Which is NOT true about control of operons by attenuation?
A. Is a negative control mechanism.
B. Controls biosynthesis of amino acids.
C. Monitors level of charged tRNA.
D. Depends on polycistronic mRNA.
E. Functions in eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| E. functions in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
DNA fragments can be size-fractionated by a process called
A. hybridization.
B. electrophoresis.
C. blotting.
D. cell sorting.
E. bioinformatics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The rolling circle model of DNA replication is utilized
A. during conjugative transfer of DNA into an F- recipient.
B. during replication of DNA of some viruses.
C. during most replication of bacterial chromosomes.
D. Both A and B
E. Never |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The moles-percent base composition of a DNA molecule may be estimated by
A. quantification of any one of the four bases.
B. differential centrifugation.
C. determining Tm (melting temperature) for the DNA.
D. asking a taxi driver.
E. all except D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microbial assimilation of ammonia via glutamine synthetase (GS) is regulated by
A. covalent adenylylation of GS subunits.
B. repression of GS biosynthesis.
C. modification of catalytic potential of GS by allosteric effectors such as amino acids and nucleotides.
D. direct product feedback inhibition of GS.
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below mapping methods will give information on the polar relationship of two genes, e.g., whether gene B is between A and C?
A. co-transformation
B. co-transduction
C. interrupted conjugation
D. sequencing of DNA bases.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
| C. interrupted conjuagation |
|
|
Term
Which volume of the current Bergey’s includes the evolutionarily oldest cellular organisms?
A. Volume 5
B. Volume 4
C. Volume 3
D. Volume 2
E. Volume 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The theoretical construct describing flow of information between DNA and RNA and between mRNA and proteins is known as
A. transcriptomics.
B. central dogma.
C. genomics.
D. proteomics.
E. bioinformatics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the standard unit for mapping the genes on the E. coli chromosome?
A. gene length
B. base pair
C. minute
D. second
E. degree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Okasaki fragments
A. are proteins.
B. encode housekeeping functions for the cell.
C. allow the lagging strand of new DNA synthesis to occur.
D. accommodate the fact that DNA polymerase must synthesize the new strand from 5’ to 3’
E. CS and D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which possible fates for DNA that has been introduced (exogenote) into a new host cell result in the MOST-stable transfer into future generations of the recipient cell?
A. Recombination with the endogenote.
B. Digestion catalyzed by host enzymes.
C. Formation of a partial diploid cell
D. Formation of a partial diploid clone
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
| A. recombination with the endogenote |
|
|
Term
Which is most likely to rely on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?
A. DNA sequencing
B. RFLP.
C. proteomics
D. DNA microarrays
E. Southern Blotting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was curator for the genetic map of Escherichia coli for many years?
A. Barbara Bachman
B. Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase
C. Avery, McLeod and McCarty
D. Barbara McClintock
E. Britney Spears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For this course, we have accepted which of the following term(s) as our definition of a “gene?”
A. Polynucleotide sequence that codes for a gene product, e.g., protein, tRNA, rRNA.
B. cistron
C. any DNA
D. regulon
E. A and B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which volume of the current Bergey’s includes organisms from two domains?
A. Volume 5
B. Volume 4
C. Volume 3
D. Volume 2
E. Volume 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which are the two domains included in the current Bergey’s?
A. Bacteria and Eukarya
B. Archaea and Eukarya
C. Archaea and Bacteria
D. Fungi and Algae
E. Bacteria and Protozoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below demonstrated that the DNA and not the protein components of bacteriophages directed infection of the host cell?
A. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B. Griffith
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Watson and Crick
E. Gilbert and Sanger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below won a Nobel Prize for what we now call “operon theory?”
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
| E. francois jacob and jacques monod |
|
|
Term
Which of the below showed that mutations in bacteria are rare and spontaneous?
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
| D. max delbruck and salvador luria |
|
|
Term
Which of the below used membrane fatty acid profiles to rapidly identify bacteria?
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below contributed most to advances in superhero technology?
A. E.M. Southern, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
B. Peter Mitchell
C. Bruce Ames
D. Sokal and Sneath
E. The Incredible Hulk, Batman and Robin….ok… Superman |
|
Definition
| E. the incredible hulk, batman and robin...ok...superman |
|
|
Term
Which of the below promoted “computer taxonomy” of microorganisms?
A. Peter Mitchell
B. E.M. Southern, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
C. Bruce Ames
D. Sokal and Sneath
E. Batman and Robin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who won the Nobel for discovering transposable genetic elements (“jumping genes”)?
A. Barbara Bachman
B. Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase
C. Avery, McLeod and McCarty
D. Barbara McClintock
E. Britney Spears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is a specialized cell that compartmentalizes nitrogen fixation and sequesters it from oxygenic photosynthesis in filamentous cyanobacteria?
A. hormogonia
B. vegetative cell
C. carboxysome
D. heterocyst
E. thylakoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which technical approach has proven most useful in distinguishing among various major groups of photosynthetic microorganisms?
A. cell morphology
B. absorption spectra of pigments
C. 16 S rRNA gene sequences
D. type of photosynthesis
E. antibiotic resistance profiles |
|
Definition
| B. absorption spectra of pigments |
|
|
Term
The endosymbiotic hypothesis of origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells
A. was promoted by Lynn Margulis.
B. suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated by symbiotic relationships between members of Domains Bacteria and Eukarya.
C. suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated by invaginations of eukaryotic cell membranes.
D. is supported by similarities of DNA sequence information between current Bacteria and the eukaryotic organelles.
E. is all except C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Under optimal conditions, the complete transfer of the entire chromosome during an Hfr × F- mating between two strains of Escherichia coli takes approximately __________ minutes.
A. 10
B. 20
C. 50
D. 100
E. 200 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Transfer of genetic information between prokaryotes that requires NO direct physical contact between the donor and recipient cells and requires no virus is called
A. transformation.
B. transduction.
C. Transcendental Meditation.
D. conjugation.
E. transposition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The order of taxonomic ranks from smallest to largest is
A. species, strain, genus, domain, phylum, kingdom, class, order, family
B. strain, species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
C. kingdom, domain, phylum, order, family, class, genus, species.
D. strain, species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, domain, kingdom
E. strain, species, genus, domain, phylum, kingdom, class, order, family |
|
Definition
| B. strain, species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain |
|
|
Term
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing relationships include
A. those between bacteria of Rhizobium spp. and legumes.
B. that between Frankia spp. and the alder tree.
C. that between a cyanobacterium of the genus Anabaena and an aquatic fern Azolla.
D. those between Azospirillum spp. and some grasses.
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below discovered that a non-living “transforming” material could change an avirulent strain of a bacterium (unable to cause disease) into a virulent, pathogenic microorganism?
A. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B. Fred Griffith
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Watson and Crick
E. Gilbert and Sanger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the microorganism used in the above discovery?
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. the mouse
C. Escherichia coli
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E. Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
|
Definition
| A. streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
Who discovered that bacterial conjugation was polar (one way, from donor to recipient)?
A. Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück
B. Barbara Jordan
C. Barbara Bachman
D. Lynn Margulis
E. William Hayes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Housekeeping genes are
A. constitutively expressed.
B. essential to growth and life of the cell.
C. useful to determine whether a cell is active even without culturing it.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is a phylum within domain Archaea?
A. Methanogen
B. Deinococcus
C. Halobacterium
D. Euryarchaeota
E. Sulfate-reducing archaea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the above includes a microbe with a photosynthetic pigment known as bacteriorhodopsin?
A. Methanogen
B. Deinococcus
C. Halobacterium
D. Euryarchaeota
E. Sulfate-reducing archaea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Methanogens are
A. bacteria that can use methane for a carbon source.
B. bacteria that make methane as waste product.
C. fungi that make methane.
D. Archaea that make methane.
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
| D. archaea that make methane |
|
|
Term
Electroporation and the Biolistics “gene gun” are…
A. sadomasochistic technologies of microbiologists.
B. ways to increase chances of introducing naked DNA into recipient cells.
C. proteomic technologies.
D. mutation technologies.
E. genetic engineering technologies |
|
Definition
| B. ways to increase chances of introducing naked DNA into recipient cells |
|
|
Term
Which is the “Bible” of prokaryotic taxonomy?
A. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
B. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
C. The Ribosomal Database Project at Michigan State University
D. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
E. Archaea – Loves of My Life, by Danielle Steele |
|
Definition
| B. bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology |
|
|
Term
Which of the below is a representative of the “oldest” group of domain Bacteria, i.e., they have the longest evolutionary history and are phylogenetically separate from other bacteria?
A. Archaea
B. Thermus aquaticus
C. Aquifex
D. Planctomyces
E. Bacteroides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of parrot fever, trachoma, venereal non-gonococcal urethritis
A. Archaea
B. Bacteria
C. Eukarya
D. Chlamydia spp.
E. B and D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Have 16S-ribosomal RNA genes, ester-linked fatty acids and isoprenoid hydrocarbons in their cell membranes
A. Archaea
B. Bacteria
C. Eukarya
D. Non-cellular, infectious entities
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genus Prochloron
A. photosynthetic
B. cyanobacterium
C. candidate as existing microbe whose ancestor became chloroplast
D. chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genera Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Chroococcus…
A. symbiotic bacteria
B. cyanobacteria
C. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
D. pathogenic bacteria
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which volume of the current Bergey’s includes Phylum Chlamydia?
A. Volume 5
B. Volume 4
C. Volume 3
D. Volume 2
E. Volume 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum and Leptospira spp. are
A. endospore producers.
B. spirochetes.
C. gliding motility.
D. ATP parasites.
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteroides spp.
A. endospore producers
B. spirochetes
C. found in warm-blooded animal feces
D. obligate anaerobes
E. C and D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Deinococcus radiodurans
A. desiccation resistant
B. radiation resistant
C. robust DNA repair mechanism
D. Domain Bacteria
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why did Lederberg and Tatum use multiple auxotrophic mutants in their experiment that demonstrated conjugation in bacteria?
A. They had OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder).
B. They wished to avoid the possibility that spontaneous mutations might result in restoration of the wild-type phenotype.
C. Those were the only strains they had in their culture collection because multiple auxotrophic strains are very common.
D. They needed to use antibiotics to select for strains that had received new DNA.
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
| B. they wished to avoid the possibility that spontaneous mutations might result in restoration of the wild-type phenotype |
|
|
Term
Transduction involves
A. loudspeakers and microphones.
B. bacteriophage.
C. naked DNA.
D. sex between bacteria.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nitrogen fixation occurs within which of the following?
A. free-living anaerobic bacteria
B. free-living aerobic bacteria.
C. bacteria that are symbiotic with vascular plants such as legumes and alder trees.
D. bacteria that are symbiotic with fern such as azolla.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below were “nitrogen fixation stars,” including the only Nobel Laureate?
A. Perry Wilson, Arto Virtannen, Robert Burris, Harold Evans
B. Joshua Lederberg, Eduard Tatum
C. Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger
D. James Watson and Francis Crick
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
| A. perry wilson, arto virtannen, robert burris, harold evans |
|
|
Term
From which microorganism was catalytically active, cell-free nitrogenase first isolated?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Azotobacter vinelandii
C. Clostridium pastuerianum
D. Saccharomyces cerivisiae
E. Homo sapiens |
|
Definition
| C. clostridium pastuerianum |
|
|
Term
Two phylogenetically unrelated genera share several fundamental characteristics with the genus Chlamydia such that all three were treated as group for many decades; those genera are what?
A. Rickettsia and Coxiella
B. Poxvirus and Coxiella
C. Rickettsia and Prevotella
D. Coxiella and Salmonella
E. Escherichia and Streptococcus |
|
Definition
| C. rickettsia and prevotella |
|
|
Term
Microbes within Phylum Bacteroidetes
A. are dominant in human- and other warm-blooded animal feces.
B. are obligate anaerobes.
C. are Bacteria.
D. have been used to track source of fecal pollution in waters.
E. are all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells from which plasmids have been removed by treatment with acridine orange or similar agents are typically termed as being
A. intercalated.
B. “cured” of plasmids.
C. deleted.
D. mutated.
E. reverted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations are changes in DNA that will be passed along to (inherited by) future generations: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assimilation of ammonia into the nitrogen pool (glutamic acid and so on) via the low-Km pathway requires that the cell expend ATP whereas the high-Km pathway does not: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The “tra” genes on F-factor plasmids encode functions and structures such as the sex pilus that enable the F-factor to be transmitted to recipient cells: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inducible operons usually control the synthesis of enzymes in a biosynthetic or anabolic pathway: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EcoR1 and HindIII are names of restriction endonucleases: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes code for only proteins. That is, genes/cistrons are only transcribed into mRNA and then translated into polypeptides /protein: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA regions such as the promoter and operator sites are structural genes within operons and are typically known as cistrons: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because DNA absorbs UV radiation around 260 nm more strongly when the double strands are separated than when bound by hydrogen bonds, the phenomenon can be used to estimate moles percent G+C: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that reduce nitrate to ammonia can incorporate nitrate nitrogen into cell structure such as peptidoglycan and proteins: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the prokaryotic domains of Bacteria and Archaea are so simple, microbiologists generally agree on a definition of species: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The current 2nd Edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is an attempt to organize prokaryotic taxonomy in accord with their phylogenetic or evolutionary characteristics: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Silencer RNA” (short interfering RNA, also called RNAi) stops expression of specific genes; therefore it is a mutagen: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The “magic spot” (ppGpp) mediates stringent response, which allows bacteria to respond to severe amino acid starvation: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteroids and hemorrhoids both involve a form of hemoglobin: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reduction of N2 to NH3 is exothermic whether it occurs inside a cell in a fertilizer plant: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although genomes of Domain Bacteria are haploid, some members have more than one chromosome: T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
