Term
Phylum Chloroflexi, Phylum Chlorobi, Phylum Cyanobacteria, the purple sulfur bacteria, the green non-sulfur bacteria all have in common which of the below properties?
A. They are all prokaryotes.
B. Essentially all are phototrophs.
C. All are covered in Volume 1 of Bergeys.
D. A and B.
E. A, B and C |
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Definition
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Term
“NEGATIVE control” regulatory mechanisms include
A. catabolite repression.
B. repression/co-repression.
C. inducible operons.
D. attenuation.
E. all of the above except A |
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Definition
| E. all of the above except A |
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Term
A strain of Escherichia coli cannot grow on a minimal defined medium unless the medium is supplemented with tryptophan. Which is the ONLY one of the below statements that MUST be true?
A. It is a prototrophic strain.
B. It is a tryptophan auxotroph.
C. It has a defect in the cistrons within its Trp operon.
D. It has a defect in biosynthetic precursors to tryptophan.
E. It may be used in the Ames Test |
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Definition
| B. it as a tryptophan auxotroph |
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Term
Conditional mutants
A. have biosynthetic deficiencies relative to the prototroph.
B. only express their mutant phenotype under certain defined conditions (e.g., high temperature).
C. are deficient in DNA repair mechanisms.
D. are useful in determining potential carcinogenicity of chemicals.
E. are all except C |
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Definition
| B. only express their mutant phenotype under certain defined conditions (e.g., high temperature). |
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Term
Cyanobacteria appeared on Planet Earth
A. day before yesterday.
B. approximately 300 thousand years ago.
C. approximately 3 million years ago.
D. approximately 300 million years ago.
E. approximately 3 billion years ago |
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Definition
| E. approximately 3 billion years ago |
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Term
The capability of a bacterial strain or species to take up naked DNA is called
A. competence.
B. fertility.
C. promiscuity.
D. transduction.
E. lysogeny |
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Definition
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Term
Which prokaryotic photosynthesizing organisms generate O2 as a byproduct?
A. Phylum Chloroflexi
B. Phylum Cyanobacteria
C. purple sulfur bacteria
D. green non-sulfur bacteria
E. Phylum Chlorobi |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which is a classification of prokaryotes that is based on phylogenetic relationships?
A. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
B. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
C. The Ribosomal Database Project at Michigan State University
D. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
E. Archaea – Loves of My Life, by Danielle Steele |
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Definition
| B. bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology |
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Term
Operons dealing with the utilization of amino acids as carbon- and/or nitrogen sources (e.g., histidine [Hut] and phenylalanine [Put])
A. are repressible operons.
B. deal with biosynthesis of those amino acids.
C. may be subject to stringent response.
D. are all of the above
E. are none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Insertion-sequences or insertion-elements and restriction endonuclease cut sites have in common that they are often be which of the below.
A. enzymes
B. RNA
C. palindromes
D. at the ends of transposons
E. all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Hfr strains of Escherichia coli
A. are characterized by an F-factor that has integrated into the chromosome.
B. may form an F’ plasmid that contains chromosomal genetic material.
C. are “male” or donor cells.
D. have sex pili.
E. All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Plasmid copy number is which of the below?
A. The same as chromosomal copy number.
B. The total copies of a plasmid in a single cell.
C. How efficiently a plasmid is copied during cell division.
D. The ratio between the numbers of a specific plasmid inside a bacterial cell and the number of chromosomes.
E. The number of genes carried on each plasmid |
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Definition
| D. the ratio between the numbers of a specific plasmid inside a bacterial cell and the number of chromosomes |
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Term
A bacterium experiencing a severe amino acid shortage
A. may exhibit Stringent Response.
B. will contain elevated levels of ppGpp.
C. will continue biosynthesis of amino acids.
D. will have a high level of uncharged tRNA.
E. will have all of the above properties |
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Definition
| E. will have all of the above properties |
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Term
Nonsense mutations
A. occur when translation “stop codons” are prematurely inserted into mRNA.
B. stop translation of the mRNA into a functional protein.
C. have been given trivial names of “Amber,” Opal,” and “Ochre.”
D. often result in a defective gene product.
E. All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Nonsense-suppressor mutations
A. allow a translation stop codon to be ignored.
B. require a change in tRNA specificity.
C. restore in the original, wild phenotype.
D. result in substitution of an amino acid into the position specified by the stop codon in the mRNA.
E. All of the above |
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Definition
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|
Term
Betagalactosidase is
A. an enzyme typically found in Escherichia coli.
B. encoded by a gene in the Lac operon.
C. catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Specialized transduction
A. involves a virus.
B. often transfers random genes around the bacterial chromosome.
C. involves bacteriophages.
D. involves a prophage.
E. involves all of the above except B |
|
Definition
| E. involves all of the above except B |
|
|
Term
The binding site for messenger RNA polymerase is known as which of the below?
A. operator
B. promoter
C. leader
D. attenuator
E. cistron |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which is true about control of operons by attenuation?
A. Is a negative control mechanism.
B. Controls biosynthesis of amino acids.
C. Monitors level of charged tRNA.
D. Depends on polycistronic mRNA.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which bacteriophage is the model for specialized transduction?
A. coliphage 42
B. Phage Lambda
C. T-even coliphage
D. Generalized transducing phages
E. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The rolling circle model of DNA replication is utilized
A. during conjugative transfer of DNA into an F- recipient.
B. during replication of DNA of some viruses.
C. during most replication of bacterial chromosomes.
D. Both A and B
E. Never |
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Definition
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|
Term
The moles-percent base composition of a DNA molecule can be estimated by
A. quantification of any one of the four bases.
B. differential centrifugation.
C. determining Tm (melting temperature) for the DNA.
D. asking a taxi driver.
E. all except D |
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Definition
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Term
The enzyme that is crucial to PCR-amplification of DNA is
A. from a member of Domain Bacteria.
B. from a member of Domain Archaea.
C. a thermo-stable enzyme.
D. A and C.
E. B and C |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the below mapping methods will give information on the polar relationship of two genes, e.g., whether gene B is between A and C?
A. co-transformation
B. co-transduction
C. interrupted conjugation
D. sequencing of DNA bases.
E. All of the above |
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Definition
| C. interrupted conjugation |
|
|
Term
Which volume of the current Bergey’s includes the evolutionarily oldest cellular organisms?
A. Volume 5
B. Volume 4
C. Volume 3
D. Volume 2
E. Volume 1 |
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Definition
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Term
The theoretical construct describing flow of information between DNA and RNA and between mRNA and proteins is known as
A. transcriptomics.
B. central dogma.
C. genomics.
D. proteomics.
E. bioinformatics |
|
Definition
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Term
What is the standard unit for mapping the genes on the E. coli chromosome?
A. gene length
B. base pair
C. minute
D. second
E. degre |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Okasaki fragments
A. are proteins.
B. encode housekeeping functions for the cell.
C. allow the lagging strand of new DNA synthesis to occur.
D. accommodate the fact that DNA polymerase must synthesize the new strand from 5’ to 3’
E. C and D |
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Definition
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Term
Which possible fates for DNA that has been introduced (exogenote) into a new host cell result in the MOST-stable transfer into future generations of the recipient cell?
A. Recombination with the endogenote.
B. Digestion catalyzed by host enzymes.
C. Formation of a partial diploid cell
D. Formation of a partial diploid clone
E. All of the above |
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Definition
| A. recombination with the endogenote |
|
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Term
Which is least likely technology that would be employed to advance the field of microbial genomics?
A. DNA sequencing
B. RFLP
C. two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
D. DNA microarrays
E. Southern Blotting |
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Definition
| C. two-dimensional polycrylamide gel electrophoresis |
|
|
Term
Who was curator for the genetic map of Escherichia coli for many years?
A. Barbara Bachman
B. Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase
C. Avery, McLeod and McCarty
D. Barbara McClintock
E. Britney Spears |
|
Definition
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|
Term
For this course, we have accepted which of the following term(s) as our definition of a “gene?”
A. Polynucleotide sequence that codes for a gene product, e.g., protein, tRNA, rRNA.
B. cistron
C. any DNA
D. regulon
E. A and B |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which volume of the current Bergey’s includes organisms from two domains?
A. Volume 5
B. Volume 4
C. Volume 3
D. Volume 2
E. Volume 1 |
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Definition
D. volume 2
(it says it's volume one on the test? but we agreed on vol. 2) |
|
|
Term
Which are the two domains included in the current Bergey’s?
A. Bacteria and Eukarya
B. Archaea and Eukarya
C. Archaea and Bacteria
D. Fungi and Algae
E. Bacteria and Protozoa |
|
Definition
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Term
Which of the below used a blender to demonstrate that the DNA and not the protein components of bacteriophages directed infection of the host cell?
A. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B. Griffith
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Watson and Crick
E. Gilbert and Sanger |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the below is a type of similarity index used in computer taxonomy?
A. Discriminatory
B. Nearest neighbor
C. Compatibility
D. Jaccard
E. Poisson |
|
Definition
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Term
Which of the below showed that mutations in bacteria are rare and spontaneous?
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
| D. max delbruck and salvador luria |
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|
Term
Which of the below won a Nobel Prize for what we now call “operon theory?”
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
| E. francois jacob and jacques monod |
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Term
Biological Domains were established by analyzing DNA sequence data from which of the below?
A. Small subunit ribosomal RNA genes
B. Lac operon genes
C. Protein genes
D. Nitrogenase genes
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
| A. small subunit ribosomal RNA genes |
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Term
Which of the below approaches to a classification scheme would most likely result in a groupings that reflect evolutionary relationships of microorganisms?
A. artificial groupings
B. phenetic approach
C. phylogenetic approach
D. computer taxonomy
E. use of morphological characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
Who won the Nobel for discovering transposons?
A. Barbara Bachman
B. Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase
C. Avery, McLeod and McCarty
D. Barbara McClintock
E. Britney Spears |
|
Definition
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Term
Which group below has a specialized cell that compartmentalizes nitrogen fixation and sequesters it from oxygenic photosynthesis?
A. purple non-sulfur bacteria
B. single celled cyanobacteria
C. green sulfur bacteria
D. purple sulfur bacteria
E. filamentous cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
| E. filamentous cyanobacteria |
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Term
Which technical approach has proven most useful in distinguishing among various major groups of photosynthetic microorganisms?
A. cell morphology
B. absorption spectra of pigments
C. 16 S rRNA gene sequences
D. type of photosynthesis
E. antibiotic resistance profiles |
|
Definition
| B. absorption spectra of pigments |
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|
Term
The principle that bacteria do NOT develop mutants in response to environmental pressures
A. was supported by a fluctuation analysis experiment.
B. was demonstrated by Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria.
C. was demonstrated using Poisson Distribution.
D. was supported by following acquisition of mutant characteristics during the growth of Escherichia coli in the absence of selection pressures.
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
Under optimal conditions, the complete transfer of the entire chromosome during an Hfr × F- mating between two strains of Escherichia coli takes approximately __________ minutes.
A. 10
B. 20
C. 50
D. 100
E. 200 |
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Definition
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Term
Transfer of genetic information between prokaryotes that requires direct physical contact between the donor and recipient cells and requires a bacterial virus is called
A. transformation.
B. transduction.
C. Transcendental Meditation.
D. conjugation.
E. none of the above |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The order of taxonomic ranks from smallest to largest is
A. species, strain, genus, domain, phylum, kingdom, class, order, family
B. strain, species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
C. kingdom, domain, phylum, order, family, class, genus, species.
D. strain, species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, domain, kingdom
E. strain, species, genus, domain, phylum, kingdom, class, order, family |
|
Definition
| B. strain, species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain |
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Term
PCR
A. is an in vitro technology.
B. is a method that exponentially amplifies specific segments of template DNA.
C. requires a thermo-stable DNA polymerase.
D. Is short for Poly-Cistronic RNA.
E. is all of the above except D |
|
Definition
| E. is all of the above except D |
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Term
Which of the below discovered that a non-living “transforming” material could change an avirulent strain of a bacterium into a virulent, pathogenic microorganism?
A. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B. Fred Griffith
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Watson and Crick
E. Gilbert and Sanger |
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Definition
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Term
What was the microorganism used in the above discovery?
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. the mouse
C. Escherichia coli
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E. Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
|
Definition
| A. streptococcus pneumoniae |
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|
Term
Who discovered that bacterial conjugation was polar (one way, from donor to recipient)?
A. Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück
B. Barbara Jordan
C. Barbara Bachman
D. Lynn Margulis
E. William Hayes |
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Definition
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|
Term
Housekeeping genes are
A. constitutively expressed.
B. essential to growth and life of the cell.
C. useful to determine whether a cell is active even without culturing it.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which is a phylum within domain Archaea?
A. Methanogen
B. Deinococcus
C. Halobacterium
D. Crenarchaeota
E. Sulfate-reducing Archaea |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the above includes a microbe with a photosynthetic pigment known as bacteriorhodopsin?
A. Methanogen
B. Deinococcus
C. Halobacterium
D. Crenarchaeota
E. Sulfate-reducing Archaea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Methanogens are
A. bacteria that can use methane for a carbon source.
B. bacteria that make methane as waste product.
C. fungi that make methane.
D. Archaea that make methane.
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
| D. archaea that make methane |
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|
Term
Cells from which plasmids have been removed by treatment with acridine orange or similar agents are typically termed as being
A. intercalated.
B. cured.
C. deleted.
D. mutated.
E. reverted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is the current “Bible” of prokaryotic taxonomy?
A. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
B. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
C. The Ribosomal Database Project at Michigan State University
D. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
E. Archaea – Loves of My Life, by Danielle Steele |
|
Definition
| B. bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology |
|
|
Term
Which of the below is a representative of the “oldest” group of domain Bacteria, i.e., they have the longest evolutionary history and are phylogenetically separate from other bacteria?
A. Archaea
B. Thermus aquaticus
C. Aquifex
D. Planctomyces
E. Bacteroides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of parrot fever, trachoma, venereal non-gonococcal urethritis
A. Archaea
B. Bacteria
C. Eukarya
D. Chlamydia spp.
E. B and D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Have 16S-ribosomal RNA genes, ether-linked fatty acids and isoprenoid hydrocarbons in their cell membranes
A. Archaea
B. Bacteria
C. Eukarya
D. Non-cellular, infectious entities
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genra Prochloron and Prochlorococcus
A. photosynthetic
B. cyanobacteria
C. candidate as existing microbe whose ancestor became chloroplast
D. chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genera Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Chroococcus…
A. Archaea
B. cyanobacteria
C. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
D. pathogenic bacteria
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which volume of the current Bergey’s includes Phylum Chlamydia?
A. Volume 5
B. Volume 4
C. Volume 3
D. Volume 2
E. Volume 1 |
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Definition
|
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Term
The total metabolic capability of an organism is known as its
A. proteome.
B. genome.
C. transcriptome.
D. metabalome.
E. mobilome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Early, seminal experiments that distinguished between genetic exchange mechanisms of bacteria that require physical contact and those that do not employed which of the below?
A. auxotrophic mutants.
B. Escherichia coli
C. U-tube with sintered glass
D. strains of bacteria with multiple biosynthetic deficiencies
E. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Deinococcus radiodurans
A. desiccation resistant
B. radiation resistant
C. robust DNA repair mechanism
D. Domain Bacteria
E. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why did Lederberg and Tatum use multiple auxotrophic mutants in their experiment that demonstrated conjugation in bacteria?
A. They had OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder).
B. They wished to avoid the possibility that spontaneous mutations might result in restoration of the wild-type phenotype.
C. Those were the only strains they had in their culture collection because multiple auxotrophic strains are very common.
D. They needed to use antibiotics to select for strains that had received new DNA.
E. None of the above |
|
Definition
| B. They wished to avoid the possibility that spontaneous mutations might result in restoration of the wild-type phenotype. |
|
|
Term
Which mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes involves direct physical contact between the donor and recipient cells?
A. transduction
B. transformation
C. conjugation
D. transposition
E. mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most common organism used in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA research is which of the below?
A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B. Escherichia coli
C. Drosophila melanogaster
D. Homo sapiens
E. Domestic House Cat |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the below were Nobel Laureates in recognition of their development of DNA sequencing technology?
A. Bruce Ames and Martha Chase
B. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum
C. Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger
D. James Watson and Francis Crick
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
|
Definition
| C. walter gilbert and frederick sanger |
|
|
Term
Some Archaea produce which gas as a result of reduction of sulfate?
A. H2S
B. H2
C. N2
D. CO2
E. H2SO4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two phylogenetically unrelated genera share several fundamental characteristics with the genus Chlamydia such that all three were treated as group for many decades; those genera are which of the below?
A. Rickettsia and Coxiella
B. Poxvirus and Coxiella
C. Rickettsia and Prevotella
D. Coxiella and Salmonella
E. Escherichia and Streptococcus |
|
Definition
| A. rickettsia and coxiella |
|
|
Term
Microbes within Phylum Bacteroidetes
A. are dominant in human- and other warm-blooded animal feces.
B. are obligate anaerobes.
C. are Bacteria.
D. have been used to track source of fecal pollution in waters.
E. are all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A theory of inheritance of acquired characters, often called Lamarckism after Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, is well accepted for bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interrupted mating has resulted in mapping of genes on chromosomes of some bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Episome” is a term applied to a plasmid with the ability to integrate into a chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperthermophilic Bacteria and Archaea can grow at temperatures approximating boiling water at sea level, i.e., over 80 degrees Celsius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inducible operons usually control the synthesis of enzymes in a biosynthetic or anabolic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EcoR1 and HindIII are names of transposons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes code for only proteins. That is, genes are only transcribed into mRNA and then translated into polypeptides /protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The F- (female) recipient of a successful transfer of the F plasmid becomes an F+ or male cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because DNA absorbs UV radiation around 260 nm more strongly when the double strands are separated than when bound by hydrogen bonds, the phenomenon can be used to estimate moles percent G+C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The “transforming principle” that was sought by Fred Griffith turned out to be protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the prokaryotic domains of Bacteria and Archaea are so simple, microbiologists generally agree on a definition of prokaryotic species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The current Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is in its 3rd Edition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “Silencer RNA” (short interfering RNA, also called RNAi) stops expression of specific genes; therefore it is a mutagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One can use co-transformation-mapping of three genes A, B, and C to determine their position on the chromosome relative to each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taq polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of new DNA using template DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lac Z is a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although genomes of Domain Bacteria are haploid, some members have more than one chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
