• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
• Bacteriostatic
• Penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams
• Inhibit transpeptidase resulting in NO cross-linking of pepetidoglycan

• Natural Penicillin
• Narrow Spectrum
• Inactivated by β-lactamase
• Cannot be administered orally due to acid hydrolysis
• Probenecid decreases excretion rate

• Natural Penicillin
• Administered orally
• narrow spectrum
• Similar to Penicillin G

• More Acid Stable
• Resistant to β-lactamase
• More Broad spectrum the natural

• Synthetic Penicillin
• Gram+ infections (staphlococcus)
• methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin

• Synthetic Penicillin
• Some G- bacteria (not Pseudomonas)
• Sensitive to β-lactamase
• Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

• Highly effective against G- rods
• Sensitive to β-lactamase
• Administered perenterally
• Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin

Addition of β-lactamase inhibitors with a penicillin that is sensitive to β-lactamase

Clavulanic acid

Sulbactam

Tazobactum

Similar to Penicillin so allergy may be to both!

More resistant to β-lactamase then penicillins

Administered parenterally

Broad Spectrum

Gram + Cocci

Extended Spectrum Antibiotic

Gram+ Cocci and some Gram-

Broad Spectrum

Increased resistance to β-lactamase

Gram-

Some cross BBB

Extended Spectrum

More resistant to β-Lactamase

Against Pseudomonas and some G+ Cocci

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - bactericidial 

Dephosphorlates lipid carrier (c55) responsible for moving peptidoglycan precursors through cell membrane. 

Topical use only

G+

Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis - Bactericidal

Inhibits elongagtion and cross-linking of peptidoglycan by interacting with D-alanine-D-alanine termini of pentapeptides

G+ (Staphylococcus)

Fairly Toxic

Disruption of Cell Membrane Function

Cationic detergents

Bactericidal

Nephrotoxic

G-

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis via 30s Ribosome 

Irreversibly bind 30s and interfere with initiation complex 

Usually used synergistically with β-lactams

Aerobic & facultative anaerobic G- (usually enterics)

Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin

bactericidal 

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by binding reversibly to 30s blocking tRNA.

Broad spectrum

"bone-seeking"

Bacteriostatic

Tertracyclline, doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline

Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding 50s to inhibit enzyme peptidyl transferase. 

Broad spectrum, however, usually for typhoid fever, plaque, rocky mountain spotted fever, resistant Haemophilus influenzae, and medingoccal infections.

bacteriostatic

Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding 50s thus blocking the initiation complex and the translocation step. 

Board spectrum, Bacteriostatic

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Telithromycin

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aerobic G+ cocci

Bactericidal

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase.

Broad spectrum, G-aerobic

Bactericidal

Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by production of cytotoxic substances.

Narrow Spectrum for anaerobic bacteria and protozoans

Bactericidal

Sulfonamides

(Sulfa Drugs)

Functions as an antimetobilite by competing with PABA which is the enzyme needed for  folic acid synthesis. 

Broad Spectrum

Bacteriostatic

Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Sulfamerazine

Function as an antimetabolite by inhibiting dihydropholate reductase for Folic Acid synthesis. 

Use synergistically with sulfamthoxazole to become bactericidal (otherwise just bactreriostatic)

Functions as an antimetabolite

Same MOA as sulfa drugs

Used in combination treatment

bacteriostatic

Functions as an antimetabolite by interfering with mycolic acid synthesis 

Bactericidal against growing organisms but only bacteriostatic against non-replicating organisms. 

Polyene Antifungal

Binds to cytoplasmic membrane and alters cell wall permeability

Too toxic for systemic use

fungistatic at low concentrations

Polyene Antifungal

Alters cell wall permeability

DOC for systemic candidiasis

Azole antifungal

MOD: Interferes with synthesis of plasma membrane

BOTH Fungicidal and Bacteriostatic (G+ cocci)

Azole Antifungal

Wide Spectrum, oral administration

Few toxicity issues

Blocks ergosterol synthesis

Azole Antifungal

Similar to Fluconazole but with increased toxity

Azole Antifungal

Disrupts cell wall intergrity

Azole Antifungal

Oral Drug