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Microbiology Drugs
Step 1 Review: Bacteria
80
Biology
Graduate
12/23/2007

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Cards

Term
MOA for Vancomycin
Definition
Steric hindrance preventing transpeptidation
Term
Why would you give Vancomycin orally?
Definition
C. difficile
Term
What is Vancomycin used for?
Definition
Drug Resistant Gram (+) like MRSA & Entercolitis
Term
Is Vancomycin absorbed in the GI tract?
Definition
NO
Term
How would you give Vancomycin for a MRSA infection?
Definition
Parentally
Term
What are the adverse effects of Vancomycin?
Definition

1.  Redman syndrome

2.  Ototoxicity

3.  nephrotoxicity 

Term
Why do you get Red-man syndrome w/ Vancomycin?
Definition
The release of Histamine
Term
Why wouldn't you give Vancomycin IM?
Definition
Tissue necrosis
Term
What's the MOA of Penicillin?
Definition

1.  It binds to PBP and inhibits transpeptidation

2.  May active autolysins 

Term
What is the mechanism for resistance of penicillin?
Definition

1.  b-lactamase cleaves b-lactam ring

2.  Change in PBP 

Term
Name 2 first generation penicillins
Definition
Penicillin G & V
Term
Why wouldn't you give Pen. G orally?
Definition
only 30% availability
Term
How is Pen. V given?
Definition
Orally
Term
For what organism would you give Penicillin?
Definition

1.  Gram (+)

2.  N. Meningitis

3.  Clostridia

4.  Syphilis

 

Term
Name a second generation Penicillin
Definition
Methicillin
Term
Which bacteria woud you use Methicillin for?
Definition

1.  Gram (+)

2.  Staph aureus! 

Term
Name 2 3rd generation Pencillins
Definition

1.  Ampicillin

2.  Amoxicillin 

Term
Which organisms would you use 3rd gen. penicillin (amp. amoxicllin) for
Definition

1.  Gram (+)

2.  Enterococci

3.  H. influenzae

4.  E. coli 

Term
What are the adverse effects of Penicillin?
Definition

1.  Allergic rxn

 

Term
What is the MOA of Cephalosporins?
Definition
Similar to Penicillin
Term
Name 2 1st generation Cephalosporins
Definition
Cefadroxil & Cefazolin
Term
For which organisms would you use first generation Cephalosporins (Cefadroxil, Cefazolin)
Definition

1.  Gram (+)

2.  Proteus

3.  E. coli

4.  Klebsiella pneumoniae 

Term
Name two 2nd generation Cephalosporins
Definition

1.  Cefaclor (oral)

2.  Cefazolin (IV or IM) 

Term

Which organism are suspectible to 2nd generation Cephalosporins (Cedadroxil & Cefazolin)

Hint:  7 organism 

Definition

Less gram (+) activity & more gram (-)

1.  B. fragilis 

2.  H. influenzae

3.  E. coli

4.  K. pneumoniae

5.  Neisseria

6.  Enterobacter 

Term
Name a 3rd generation Cephalosporin
Definition
Cefotaxime
Term

Which organisms would you use a 3rd generation celphalosporin (Cefotaxime)

HINT:  4 organisms 

Definition

More gram (-) activity

1.  Borreila burgdorferi

2.  H. influenzae

3.  Neisseria

4.  Enterbacter 

Term
Name two Monobactams
Definition

1.  Imipenem

2.  Aztreonam 

Term
Imipenem is used for ___
Definition

1.  Gram (+)

2.  Gram (-) rods 

Term
What is Aztreonam used for
Definition
Gram (-) rods
Term
Name 2 fluoroquinolones
Definition

1.  Ciprofloxacin

2.  levofloxacin 

Term
What the MOA of flouroquinolones
Definition
It interfers w/ topoisomerase II & IV (DNA gyrase) and stops transcription & replication
Term
What's the spectrum of flouroquinolones
Definition

1.  Gram (-) rods

2.  Neisseria

Term
What's the Mechanism of resistance for flouroquinolones?
Definition
Efflux pumps decrease intracellular concentration
Term
What are the adverse effects of flouroquinolones
Definition

1.  GI distress

2.  Skin rash

3.  Superinfections 

Term
What's the mechanism of action for Sulfoamides?
Definition

1.  It's a PABA antimetabolite

2.  inhibits bacterial dihydropteroate synthase

3.  Prevents formation of Dihydropteroic acid

4.  Inhibits folate synthesis 

Term
What's the mechanism for Trimethoprim?
Definition

1.  Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase

2.  Prevents Tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis

3.  Leads to inhibition of Tetrahydrofolic acid 

Term
what's the spectrum for Sulfonamides?
Definition

1.  Gram (-) & (+)

2.  Chlamydia

3.  Nocardia 

Term
what are the adverse effects of sulfonamides
Definition

1.  Hypersensitivity

2.  Hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient

3.  Nephrotoxicity 

Term
What's the spectrum for Trimethoprim
Definition

1.  H. influenzae

 

Term
Name three Aminoglycosides
Definition

1.  Gentamicin

 2. Amikacin

3.  Streptomycin 

Term
What ribosome subunit do aminoglycosides act on?
Definition
Preventing binding of f-Met in 30S
Term
What do Aminoglycosides require for transport?
Definition

1.  oxidative phosphorylation

2.  Needs a membrane potential 

Term
What's the spectrum of Aminoglycosides
Definition
Aerobic Gram (-)
Term
Mechanisms of resistance for Aminoglycosides
Definition
Inactivated by N-acetylation, O-adenylation & O-phosphorylation
Term
Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides
Definition

1.  Ototoxicity

2.  Nephrotoxicity 

Term
Name the places that aminoglycosides damage in the ear
Definition

1.  Hair cells in the organ of corti

2.  Damage to the auditory nerve

 

Term
Name 3 tetracyclines
Definition

1.  Chloretracyclin

2.  Doxycycline

3.  Minocycline 

Term
Which subunit of the ribosome does tetracylcine act on?
Definition
Blocks transfer of tRNA into the accpetor site of 30S
Term
What's the spectrum of tetracycline?
Definition

1.  V. chloera

2.  Chlamydia

3.  Mycoplasma

4.  H. pylori 

5.  Brucella 

Term
Mechanism of Resistance for Tetracycline
Definition
Plasmid mediated efflux pumps
Term

What are the adverse effects of Tetracycline

HINT:  3 major ones 

Definition

1.  Tooth enamel dysplasia

2.  bone growth irregularities

3.  Photosensitivity like sunburn

Term
Which ribosomal subunit does Chloramphenicol bind to? 
Definition
Binds to 50S subunit and inhibits peptide bond formation
Term
What's the mechanism of resistance Chloramphenicol
Definition
It's destroyed by chloramphenicol aceytl transferase
Term
What's the broad spectrum of Chloramphenicol
Definition

1.  Typhoid fever

2.  Salmonella

3.  H. Influenzae

4.  N. meningitidis

5.  Bacteroides

6.  Rickettsia 

Term
What's the adverse reaction of Chloramphenicol
Definition

1.  Gray baby syndrome

2.  Asplastic anema/bone marrow suppression

 

Term
How does Chloramphenicol cause grey baby syndrome
Definition
Decreases glucuronyl transferase that leads to a lack of glucuronic acid
Term
Name the 3 Macrolides
Definition

1.  Erythromycin

2.  Clarithromycin

3.  Azithromycin 

Term
What subunit does Macrolides bind to
Definition
50S
Term

What's the spectrum of Macrolides

HINT:  8 

Definition

1.  Gram (+)

2.  Chlamydia

3.  Rickettsia

 4.  Chlamydia

5.  Mycoplasma

6.  Ureaplasma

7.  Legionella

8.  Corynebacterium 

Term
Adverse effects of macrolides
Definition
GI irritation
Term
Which ribosomal subunit does Clindamycin bind to
Definition
50S
Term
Mechanism of resistance for Clindamycin
Definition
Methylation of 50S
Term
Spectrum of Clindamycin
Definition

1.  Gram (+) bone infections

2.  Anaerobes 

Term
Adverse effects of Clindamycin
Definition

1.  C. difficile superinfection leading to pseudomembranous colitis

 

Term
Metronidzole is active only against ____
Definition

obligate anaerobes

1.  It's nitro moiety becomes reduced and active 

Term
Metronidazole interfers w/ what
Definition
Inhibits DNA replication
Term
Spectrum for Metronidazole
Definition

1.  C. difficie (1st choice)

2.  B. fragilis (endocarditis & CNS abscess) 

Term
Metrodiazole is first choice for _____
Definition
C. difficile
Term
Adverse Reactions of Metrodiazole
Definition

1.  Metallic taste w/ alcohol

2.  Carinogenic or mutagenic in early prenancy 

Term
Name the line drugs for TB
Definition

1.  Isoniazid

2.  Rifampin

3.  Ethambutol

4.  Pyrazinamide

5.  Streptokinase 

Term
Isoniazid inhibits what component of the cell wall
Definition
Mycolic acid which is unique to TB
Term
What are the adverse effects of Isoniazid
Definition

1.  Peripheral & CNS effect

2.  May damage the liver 

Term
What component of transcription does Rifampin inhibit
Definition
It inhibits DNA dependent RNA poly
Term
What's the spectrum for Rifampin
Definition
TB & Leprae
Term
What is the adverse effect of Rifampin
Definition
Red color to body secretions
Term
Ethambutol inhibits ______ which is a component of _____
Definition

Polymerization of arabinogylcan

Cell wall 

Term
Pyrazinamide needs to be converted to ______, which is the _____ form
Definition

pyranazoic acid

active form 

Term
Name the 3 drugs used for the treatment of leprosy
Definition

1.  Dapson

2.  Rifampin

3.  Clofazimine 

Term
when would you use Clofazimine instead of Dapson
Definition
In Dapson resistant strains
Term
What are the Adverse reactions of Clofazimine
Definition
Turns skin red-brown or black
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