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Microbiology Chapters 1 & 2
Microbiology Hx and Cellular structers
84
Microbiology
12th Grade
02/06/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
Dutch maker of microscopes, "The Father of Microbiology" whose observations of living microscopic organisms were published from 1673 through 1723
Term
Francesco Redi
Definition
Italian physician who designed the rotting meat experiment in 1668 to refute spontaneous generation
Term
John Needham
Definition
English clergyman who supported spontaneous generation. In 1745, he poured boiled chicken broth into flasks and then sealed them; microorganisms grew
Term
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Definition
Italian priest who refuted spontaneous generation. In 1765, he modified Needham's experiment by sealing flasks containing broth, then boiling the broth; no microorganisms grew
Term
Rudolf Virchow
Definition
German Scientist who proposed the "cell
theory: (1858) which refutes spontaneous generation by stating that "living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells"
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
French chemist who demonstrated that fermentation of sugar into alcohol (for beer and wine production) was due to yeast (1857). The souring of beer and wine was due to the presence of bacteria. Hedeveloped pasteurization
(1864), the heating of sugar solution to kill the bacteria and prevent spoilage of beverages
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
English physician who discovered that people vaccinated with cowpox were protected from smallpox (1798).
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
German physician who discovered that the disease anthrax was caused by a specific bacterium, Bacillus anthracis(1876). His research provided evidence for the germ theory of disease.
Term
Wendell Stanley
Definition
American biochemist discovered that the
agent that caused tobacco mosaic disease was so chemically simple and homogeneous that it could be crystallized like a chemical compound.
Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition
Scottish physician who accidentally discovered the antbiotic penicillin.
Term
Dmitri Iwanowski
Definition
Russian botanist who showed that when sap from infected tobacco plants infected was passed through a filter known to remove all bacteria, the filtered sap could still infect other tobacco plants (1892)
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition
German physician who discovered the "magic bullet", salversan, a synthetic chomotherapeutic agent for syphilis
Term
Spontaneous Genration
Definition
The idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
Term
Aseptic Techniques
Definition
Laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination.
Term
Antibiotic
Definition
An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally ba a bacterium or fungus.
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
Treatment of disease with chemical substances.
Term
Biogenesis
Definition
the theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Term
Fermentation
Definition
The enzymatic degradation of charbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
All living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells.
Term
Germ Theory of Disease
Definition
the principle that microorganisms cause disease.
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
The process of mild heating to kill particualr spoilage microorganisms of pathogens.
Term
Microorganism
Definition
A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses.
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
French chemist who refuted spontaneous generation. In 1861, he designed an experiment that incorporated methods from Needham's and Spallanzani's experiments. He boiled the broth in the flask (spallanzani) and bent the neck of the flask into an S-shaped curve allowing air to enter(Needham). No microorganism grew.
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
English natural philospopher who coined the term "cell" in 1665, after observing plant cells with a microscope.
Term
Virology
Definition
The scientific study of viruses.
Term
Synthetic Drug
Definition
A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory.
Term
Edouard Chatton
Definition
Introduced the term 'prokarote' to distinguish cells without a nucleus form those with nuclei(1937).
Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition
Swedish naturalist is known as the father of modern taxonomy. He developed the binomial system of nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals.
Term
Carl von Nageli
Definition
Proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in the Plant Kingdom (1857).
Term
Roger Stanier
Definition
Provided the current definition of a prokaryote, cells in which the nuclear material is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane (1961).
Term
Carl R. Woese
Definition
Proposed creating three domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) characteristics (1978).
Term
Earnst Haeckel
Definition
Proposed creating the Kingdom Protista, which would include all unicellular organisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae (1866).
Term
Robert H. Whittaker
Definition
Founded the five-kingdom concept: with all prokaryotes inthe Kingdom Monera and eukaryotes in the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista (1969).
Term
Robert G.E. Murphy
Definition
Proposed creating the Kingdom Prokaryotae (1968).
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls; BACTERIUM (singular) when referring to a single organism.
Term
Chlorobi
Definition
A group of Gram-negative, anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called green nonsulfur bacteria).
Term
Endosymbiotic Theory
Definition
According to this theory, eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells.
Term
Specific Epithet
Definition
The second or species name in a scientific binomial.
Term
Fungus
Definition
(plural: fungi) An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph.
Term
Prokaryotic Species
Definition
A population of cells that share certain rRNA sequences; in conventional biochemical testing, it is a poulation of cells with similar characteristics.
Term
Spirochaetes
Definition
Members of the Gram-negative phylum have coiled, spring-like shapes, and move though the use of two or more axial filaments lying under the outer sheath. Human pathogens include the genera Traponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme diesease).
Term
Axial Filament
Definition
The structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum.
Term
Chlamydiae
Definition
This phylum of Gram-negative bacteria consists of obligate, intracellular pathogens that are transmitted by inhalation of aerosols or by direct contact between hosts.
Term
Firmicutes
Definition
This phylum of Gram-positive bacteria have low G+C ratios. They include important enospore-forming bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacillus as well as non-endospore forming genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus.
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope.
Term
Animalia
Definition
The Kingdom composed of multicellular eukaryotes lacking cell walls.
Term
Domain Eukarya
Definition
Includes all eukaryotic organisms: animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Term
Family
Definition
A toxonomic group between order and genus.
Term
Plantae
Definition
The kingdom composed of multicellular eikaryotes with cellulose cell walls.
Term
rRNA
Definition
Ribosomal RNA is present in all cells. Differences in rRNA are used to determine phylogenetic relationships among bacteria.
Term
Alphaproteobacteria
Definition
A class in the Proteobacteria that includes most of the Proteobacteria capable of growth at very low levels of nutrients. Includes the anaerobic photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria, the agriculturally improtant, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as several human and plant pathogens.
Term
Domain Bacteria
Definition
Includes prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan in the cell wall. All pathogenic prokaryotes belong to this domain. It also includes many nonpathogenic and some photoautotrophic prokaryotes.
Term
Eukaryotic Species
Definition
A group of closely related organisms that can interbreed.
Term
Phylum
Definition
A taxonomic classification between kingdom and class.
Term
Actinobacteria
Definition
This phylum of Gram-positive bacteria have high G+C ratios. Many of the bacteria have highly pleomorphic shapes with some bacteria growing as long branching filamenst that resemble fungal hyphae.
Term
Domain Archaea
Definition
Includes all prokaryotes that do no have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They oten live in extreme environments and have unusual metabolic processes.
Term
Order
Definition
A taxonomic classification between class and family.
Term
Binary Fission
Definition
Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells.
Term
Deltaproteobacteria
Definition
A class in the Proteobacteria. They include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria, as well as the important sulfure reducing bacteria.
Term
Eukarya
Definition
All eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and protists); members of the Domain Eukarya.
Term
Genus
Definition
(plural: genera) The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species.
Term
Protist
Definition
Term used for unicellular and simple nulticellular eukaryotes; Usually protozoa and algae.
Term
Viral Species
Definition
A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche.
Term
Bergy's Manual
Definition
Refers to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition, the standard reference fro bacterial taxonomic classification. Uses rRNA similarities and differences to determine phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships.
Term
Class
Definition
A taxonomic group between phylum and order.
Term
Enterotoxin
Definition
An exotoxin that causes gastroenteritis, such as those produced by Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Escherichia.
Term
G+C Ratio
Definition
The percentage of all DNA base pairs in a genome that are guanine-cytosine base pairs-used to group Gram-positive bacteria into two phylogenetically related groups; the high G+C(<50%) group, Firmicutes.
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria that possess a signature rRNA sequence.
Term
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Definition
Grouping organisms into a series of subdivisions to show relationships; species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Term
Betaproteobacteria
Definition
A class in the proteobacteria that often uses nutrients that have diffused from areas of anaerobic decomposition. Includes nitrifying bacteria and several important pathogens.
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
A group of Gram-negative, aerobic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called blue-green algae) that produce oxygen similar to photosynthesis in algae and plants. Some groups fix atmoshperic nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts.
Term
Epsilonproteobacteria
Definition
A class in the Proteobacteria. These gram-negative bacteria are slender rods that have helical or vibroid shapes and include animal and human pathogens.
Term
Gammaproteobacteria
Definition
The largest class in the Proteobacteria. It includes a great variety of physiological types, members inhabit soils, aquatic habitats, or are important mammalian intestinal symbionts, as well as human pathogens.
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
the science of the classification of organisms.
Term
Bacteroidetes
Definition
This phylum of Gram-negative bacteria includes several anaerobic genera and includes the genus Bacteroides, a common inhabitant of the uman intestinal tract.
Term
Chloroflexi
Definition
A group of Gram-negative, anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria ( also called green sulfur bacteria) that deposit sulfur outside that cell.
Term
Enteric
Definition
The common name for bacterium in the family Enterobacteriacae.
Term
Fusobacteria
Definition
This phylum consists of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that are typically pleomorphic or can be spindle-shaped.
Term
Prostheca
Definition
A stalk or bud protruding from a prokaryotic cell.
Term
Strain
Definition
Genetically different cells within a clone.
Term
Binomial Nomenclature
Definition
The system of having two names (genus and specific epithet) for each organism; also called scietific nomenclature.
Term
Domain
Definition
A taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level.
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus.
Term
Kingdom
Definition
A taxonomic classification between domain and phylum.
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