Term
| What is the process of copying DNA prior to cell replication |
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Definition
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Term
| What serves as a template for DNA replication |
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Definition
| Each of the original DNA strands |
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Term
| What must occur for an organism to pass genetic information on to its offspring? |
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Definition
| The parent must copy its own DNA and provide a copy on to his offspring |
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Term
| What is the function of stabilizing proteins? |
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Definition
| To hold the separated strands apart and prevent degradation |
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Term
| The replication fork moves... |
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Definition
| ahead of the newly synthesized DNA |
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Term
| What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication? |
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Definition
| To use the energy from ATP to break the hydrogen bonds and b/t the two DNA strands, thereby "Unzipping" the molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The point where the DNA helicase is "unzipping" the double stranded DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
They always occur in a certain order:
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
Uracil - Found in RNA, it base-pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product,usually a protein |
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Term
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Definition
The structural units of nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA) |
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Term
| How many parts does a nucleotide have? What are they? |
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Definition
3
A nitrogen containing base
a pentose (5 carbon sugar) deoxyribose or ribose
a phosphate group (phosporic acid |
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Term
| What are nitrogen-containing bases made up of? |
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Definition
Cyclic Compounds
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
Uracil (U) |
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Term
| What is a DNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalized the polymerization of deoxynucleotides into DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete set of genetic information in a cell or virus, often used interchangeably with chromosome. technically includes plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary. |
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Term
| Which enzyme can synthesize new strands of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is primase essential for DNA Replication? |
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Definition
| It provides a 3' end of the newly synthesized strands, allowing DNA polymerase to begin coping DNA |
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Term
| DNA synthesis occurs in what direction/ |
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Definition
| from 5' to 3' on both the leading and the lagging strands |
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Term
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Definition
The process of DNA making RNA (mRNA) which makes protein |
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Term
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Definition
When DNA makes another copy of itself Duplicates original molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of making RNA (mRNA) from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| When protein is made from RNA (mRNA) |
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Term
| Antiparallel Double Helix |
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Definition
When the 5' end of one strand pairs up with the 3' end of the other strand of DNA One strand is "flipped upside down" |
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphate group is attached to 5th carbon of the sugar in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to the 3rd carbon of the sugar in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
A strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA replication Where the existing 3' OH attached to existing nucleic acid polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| In bacteria where DNA gets copied in both directions pulling both ends into another circle |
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Term
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Definition
The strand of DNA that able to replicate the DNA in a continuous fashion Replicates in same direction as fork opens 3' to 5' |
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Term
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Definition
Replicates in the opposite direction as fork opens This strand replicates the DNA in fragments 5' to 3' This strand has to be looped back on itself |
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Term
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Definition
| The short fragments of DNA made by the lagging strand in the 5' to 3' direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that opens up the two strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A special DNA sequence that RNA polymerase tries to find in order to make RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| encodes proteins, result of transcription of protein encoding gene |
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Term
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Definition
| does not encode proteins,result of transcription of rRNA gene |
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Term
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Definition
| does not encode protein, result of transcription of tRNA gene |
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Term
| how do cells change levels of protein production |
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Definition
| mRNA is instable, it regulates the synthesis of MRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesize short stretches of RNA complementary to exposed DNA template (opened strand) |
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Term
| what direction is RNA Primer & where does DNA polymerase continue the new strand from it |
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Definition
| it is 5' to 3', so strand continues building from 3' end |
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Term
| how do RNA primers work differently on leading vs lagging strand |
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Definition
leading - only needs one primer, starts building from its 3' end (with a 5' side that can keep going)
lagging - opens with 5' end, so has to keep finding 3' end to start from |
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Term
| where does DNA polymerase work |
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Definition
| only at 3' end of a primer (in replication) |
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Term
| which strand generates okazaki fragments |
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Definition
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Term
| what characteristic of prokaryotic cells allows for bidirectional replication of dna |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizing RNA from a DNA template (mRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| information encoded from mRNA "transcript" used to make protein |
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Term
| how which direction does RNA polymerase work and does it need a primer? |
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Definition
can only add nucleotides to 3' end (like DNA p), so works from 3' end of other strand (which means new strand starts at 5')
DNA polymerase does needs a primer, RNA p does not |
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Term
| when RNA transcribed which strand is - strand |
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Definition
| the strand of DNA being copied |
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Term
| how is nucleotide sequence for transcribed RNA compared to the DNA template (-) |
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Definition
| complimentary pairs - except is RNA so has uracil instead of thymine (AT,GC but AU,GC in RNA) |
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Term
| what are base pairs in dna |
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Definition
| AT, GC (except AU in RNA - no thymine) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that synthesizes RNA using single stranded DNA as template, synthesis occurs in 5' to 3' direction ( so reads 3' from DNA strand) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of RNA polymerase that recognizes the promoter (which is part of DNA strand where transcription initiates) |
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Term
| how do cells transcribe specialized sets of genes as needed |
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Definition
| by controlling which types of sigma factors are made |
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Term
| what are 3 major structures involved in translation (protein synthesis)? |
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Definition
mRNA - information transcribing ribosomes - assembling the amino acids
tRNA - bring the amino acids to the ribosomes (which are recycled) |
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Term
| how are amino acids delivered to ribosomes |
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Definition
| tRNA has amino acid with anticodon sequence, is recognized & amino acid used by ribosome to make protein |
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Term
| which direction do ribosomes work on mRNA |
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Definition
reads mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction
(opposite of polymerase) |
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Term
| subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes |
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Definition
| 30S & 50S - but not additive (prokaryotic are 70 S) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why are differences in ribosomal structure between euks and prots medically significant? |
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Definition
| certain antibiotics bind & inactivate 70S (proks) but not 80S (euks), explaining how antibiotics kill bacteria w/o harming mammalian cells |
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Term
| which type - prok or euks - has introns that need to be removed |
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Definition
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Term
| in which type is mRNA not pre-processed |
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Definition
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Term
| in which type is translation of mRNA immediate after & concurrent w/ transcription |
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Definition
| proks - in euks mRNA transcript is first transported out of nucleus and is translated in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of some organisms to "sense" the density of cells within their own population |
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Term
| how does quorom sensing work |
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Definition
| concentration of signalling molecules, can also work between species |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens stay one step ahead of body's defenses by altering the molecules the immune system has learned to recognize |
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Term
| ex of natural selection/antigenic variation |
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Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae - shuffle their pilin genes which defeats the immune system, as those that switch off will multiply and survive |
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Term
| DNA & RNA Polymerases which direction do they work, which way do Ribosomes work |
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Definition
they SYNTHESIZE 5' to 3'
(so they read 3' to 5')...Ribosomes READ 5' to 3' |
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