Decompose organic waste

producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol

produce fermented food such as vinegar, cheese, etc.

produce manufacturing and disease preventing products

(e.g. cellulose and insulin)

clustered spherical cells

describes gold-colored colonies

Algae

Archaea

Bacteria

Fungi

Multicellular animal parasites

Protozoa

Viruses

Prokaryotes

Pepidoglycan cell walls

Binary fission

uses organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis for energy

Prokaryotic

Lack peptidoglycan

Live in extreme environments

Include Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

Eukaryotes

Chitin cell walls

use organic chemicals for energy

molds and mushrooms are multicellylar, consisting of masses of mycelia

yeasts are unicelluar

Eukaryotes

Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

ex) amoeba

Eukaryotes

Cellulose cell walls

photosynthesis for energy

produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Acellular

consist of DNA or RNA core

core is surrounded by protein coat

coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

replicate only when they are in a living host cell

Eukaryotes

Multicellular animals

Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths

Microscopic stages in life cycle

Bacteria- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts originates

Archaea

Eukarya- degeneration

Ancestors of bacteria were first life on Earth

First microbes were observed in 1673

1665
Reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells 

1858: Said cells arise from preexisting cells

1673-1723: described live microorganisms in Letters to the Royal Socity of London. Teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life.

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

Francesco Redi Experiment

1668

John Needham Experiment

1745

nutrient broth was heated and covered and showed microbial growth, supporting spontaneous generation!

Lazzaro Spallanzani Experiment

1765

Sealed flask before heating and no microbial growth supporting biogenesis!

Louis Pasteur

1861

1857- 1914: Begun with Pasteur's work
discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs. 

-the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer or wine
-Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for this... and spoilage of food

- Found that spoilage could be killed by heat that couldnt evaporate wine or alcohol

1835: Showed that a silkwork disead was caused by fungus

1865: another silkworm disease was caused by protozoan

1840s: advocated handwashing to prevent transmission to puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

1827-1912: used phenol to prove that surgical wound infections were caused by microbes

1876: proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, "Koch's postulates", to prove that a specific microve causes a specific disease.

1796: inoculated a person with cowpox virus and protected them with it.
VACCINATION 

treatment with chemicals

antibiotics or synthetic drugs

speculated about a magic bullet that could destory a pathogen without harming the host.

-Developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis in 1910.

-Sulfonamides were synthesized in the 1930s

1928: Discovered first antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus 
 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

-Study of immunity

-Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases

-Proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933 (streptococci)

the study of how microbes inherit traits

the study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

alternatives to pesticides, prevent insect damage

Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

-recombinant DNA technology

-gene therapy

normally present in and on human body

prevent growth of pathogens

produce growth factors (Vitamin K & folic acid)

Resistance (skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals)

Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

grow on rocks pipes teeth and medical implants

Emerging infectious diseases

(EIDs)

new or changing diseases that have potential for increasing or are increasing in incidence