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Microbiology Chapter 1
The Microbial World and You
256
Microbiology
12th Grade
01/20/2011

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Term
Microbes/Microorganisms
Definition
living things too small to be seen with the living eye
Term
Pathogen
Definition
disease causing organism
Term
Pathogenicity
Definition
ability of microbe to cause disease by overwhelming defense of host
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
treatment of disease with chemical substances
Term
Antibiotics
Definition
Antimicrobial agents usually produces naturally by fungus
Term
Who discovered the first anibiotic? What was it?
Definition
Fleming discovered penicilin by accident
Term
Synthetic Drug
Definition
Chemotherapeutic agent made in a lab
Term
Drug resistance
Definition
Increasesd ability of microbe to tolerate antimicrobials without succumbing
Term
3 Types/Reasons for drug resistance
Definition
-Exchange of plasmids
-Not taking entire prescription
-Inappropriate prescription
Term
plasmids
Definition
genetic material
Term
Why is not taking the entire prescription bad?
Definition
leaves behind those most resistant
Term
Why are inappropriate prescriptions bad?
Definition
doesn't affect virus, but can affect resistance of bacteria
Term
Binomial Nomenclature
Definition
consists of two names:
both italicized or underlined
Term
How is the Genus written?
Definition
Capitalized, after mentioned can be labeled with initial
Term
How is the species/specific epithet written?
Definition
Not capitalized
Term
Are viruses living?
Definition
No
Term
What is a virus made of?
Definition
protein coat and nucleic acid
Term
What types of nucleic acid are in a virus?
Definition
DNA
RNA
(One or the other)
Term
What type of nucleic acid causes viruses to mutate more rapidly?
Definition
RNA
Term
Obligatory Intracellular Parasites
Definition
have to live inside of their host CELL. Force it to make baby viruses and the cell bursts. They than infaltrate (sp?) a new cell and the process continues
Term
Oncogenic Virus
Definition
Cancer can form(tumor)
i.e. HPV
Term
Can antibiotics cure a virus?
Definition
no, they only can treat the symptoms
Term
Virology
Definition
Study of Viruses
Term
Interferon
Definition
-What our bodies make in response to viruses
-Broad
-Only works within species
Term
How many cells do prokaryotes have?
Definition
1 cell (Unicellular)
Term
What types of shapes do Bacteria have?
Definition
Bacillus
spiral
Coccus
Term
Bacillus
Definition
rod
Term
coccus
Definition
round
Term
spiral
Definition
curved/kinked rod
Term
If a bacteria is really small, what shape do you classify it in?
Definition
not round: bacillus
round:coccus
Term
Waht is important when labeling bacteria?
Definition
shapes and arrangement
Term
Do bacteria have cell walls?
Definition
yes
Term
What is a bacteria's cell wall made of?
Definition
peptidoglycan(murein)
Term
What is another nae for peptidoglycan?
Definition
murein
Term
How are spirals grouped?
Definition
how many curves/kinks they have
Term
How do bacteria reproduce?
Definition
binary fusion (split in half)
Term
Bacteriology
Definition
Study of bacteria
Term
Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Definition
prokaryotes
Term
Are archae prkaryotes or eukaryotes
Definition
prokaryotes
Term
Where are archea found?
Definition
in extreme enviroments
Term
Do archea have cell walls?
Definition
No, or made of pseudomurein
Term
What are Archea's cellwalls made of?
Definition
Pseudomurein, if they have any
Term
Methanogens are archae that...
Definition
make methane
Term
halophiles are archea that...
Definition
love salt
Term
Where are halophiles found?
Definition
Dead sea, great salt lake
NOT OCEAN
Term
Thermophiles are archea that
Definition
love heat
Term
Where are thermophiles found?
Definition
under sea volcanic vents
yellowstone
Term
Are fungi living or nonliving?
Definition
living
Term
Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Definition
Eukaryotes
Term
What is yeast?
Definition
Fungis/Eukaryote
Term
When are you most likely to get a yeast infection?
Definition
after you've been on antibiotics
Term
What is ringworm?
Definition
a fungus
Term
What is athlete's foot?
Definition
a fungus
Term
Does one generally need to tape shut plates for bacteria?
Definition
no
Term
Does one generally need to tape shut plates for fungi?
Definition
yes:spores
Term
Are yeast multicellular or unicellular?
Definition
unicellular
Term
What should you eat if you have a yeast infection?
Definition
yogurt
Term
What is a yeast infection in the oral cavity called?
Definition
thrush
Term
Are mushrooms plants?
Definition
No
Term
How do plants get their nutrients?
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
Hwo do mushrooms get their nutrients?
Definition
absorbtion
(decomposers)
Term
Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular?
Definition
multicellular
Term
Mycella
Definition
mass of hyphae
Term
What does Mycella look like?
Definition
"fzzy" stuff on orange
Term
What is a fungus's cell wall made of?
Definition
chitin
Term
How do Fungi get their nutrients?
Definition
absorbtion
Term
How do Fungi reproduce?
Definition
asexual or sexual
Term
How do yeast reproduce?
Definition
asexual
Term
Mycology
Definition
study of Fungi
Term
Where does "Mycology" come from?
Definition
Mycella
Term
Aer protozoa prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Definition
eukaryotes
Term
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular?
Definition
unicellular
Term
How do protozoan move? (3ways)
Definition
pseudopods
flagella
cilla
Term
Waht is a pseudopods?
Definition
false foot
Term
what is an amoeba?
Definition
protozoa
Term
How do amoebas move?
Definition
psseudopods
Term
Flagella
Definition
long, whip like tail
Term
How many flagella can a protozoa have?
Definition
1 to a few
Term
cilla
Definition
short "hair"
Term
How many cilla can a protozoa have?
Definition
lots and lots!!
Term
How do Protozoa reproduce?
Definition
sexual or asexual
Term
What is a Euglena?
Definition
protozoa
Term
What is unique about a euglena?
Definition
can photosynthesiza
Term
What is a paramecium?
Definition
Protozoa
Term
Are algae prokaryotes of eukaryotes?
Definition
Eukaryotes
Term
What is Algae's cell wall made of?
Definition
cellulose
Term
What are the 4 types of eukaryotes (we've discussed)
Definition
Fungi
Protozoan
Algae
Multicellular animal parasites
Term
What are the 2 types of prokaryotes?
Definition
bacteria and archea
Term
Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Definition
Eukaryotes (duh look at the name!!)
Term
Helminths
Definition
parasitic worms with mouths
Term
Parasitology
Definition
study of both (parasitic) protozoa and parasitic worms
Term
Host
Definition
organism infected by pathogen
Term
Vector
Definition
Anthropod/insect that carries organisms btween hosts *has to be an injection*
Term
reservoir
Definition
Continual source of infection:Human, animal, or nonliving *do not get "sick" or side affects*
Term
Can a reservoir get sick from the thing it holds?
Definition
no
Term
Is lyme's disease bacterial or viral?
Definition
bacterial
Term
What damage can Lyme's disease do? (Where is the damage located?)
Definition
joints and nervous system
Term
Lyme's disease:
Host?
Vector?
Reservoir?
Definition
Host: Human
Vector:deer tick
Reservoir: Field mice (deer)
Term
What is a common indicator of Lyme's disease?
Definition
Bull's eye rash, but goes away
Term
How did Lyme's disease get its name?
Definition
First normal outbreak of symptoms in Lyme (city)
Term
What is Malaria caused by?
Definition
a protozoa
Term
How would you diagnose a parasitic worm?
Definition
look for eggs, not for the worm itself
Term
Malaria:
Host?
Vector?
Definition
Host: human
Vector:mosquito
Term
What can be a sort of imunity to malaria?
Definition
Heterozygous or people who have sickle cell anemia
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Have both dominant and recessive trait
Term
How would you diagnose malaria
Definition
blood sample
Term
When should you test for malaria?
Definition
1 hour before the patient's temperature spikes
Term
Is a person with malaria temperatures on a cycle?
Definition
yes
Term
Why do malaria patients spike a fever?
Definition
bursting red blood cells
Term
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
Prokaryotes:simple, no true nucleous
Eukaryotes:Complex, have nucleous
Term
Who coined "cell"
Definition
Hooke
Term
When did Hooke coin what he did?
Definition
looking at cork, looked like mini prison cells?
Term
What did Vanleewenhoek coin?
Definition
Animalcules
Term
When did Vanleewenhoek coin what he did?
Definition
looking at single celld protozoans in pond waters.
Term
Who had the 1st unicellular sighting?
Definition
Vanleewenhoek
Term
Spontaneous generation
Definition
life from nothing
Term
Who supported spontaneous generation?
Definition
Needham
Term
Why did Needham believe what he did?
Definition
After boiling, microbes found (air contamination)
Term
Who was against spontaneous generation? (3)
Definition
Redi
Spalianzani
Pasteur
Term
How did Redi try to disprove spontaneous Generation?
Definition
Decaying meat:open to air flies/eggs;sealled-without
Term
Waht was the crtiticism for Redi's results?
Definition
Sealed: no air. No oxygen:no life
Term
How did Spailianzani try to disprove spontaneous generation?
Definition
Boild decaying meat AFTER sealed
Term
What was the criticism for spalianzani?
Definition
Sealed:no air
No air: No oxygen
Term
Did Spilanzani try to fix his experiment?
Definition
No
Term
Biogenesis
Definition
living from living only
Term
What is Pasteur known for?
Definition
credited with disproving spontaneous generation:microbes in air cause growth
Term
Did Redi try to fix his experiment?
Definition
Yes with mesh...no one cared
Term
How did Pasteur tru to disprove spontaneous generation?
Definition
strait vs. curled vases for boiling.
Term
What was the criticism of Pasteur's experiment?
Definition
There was none
Term
Did Pasteur try to correct his experiment?
Definition
No, there was no need to.
Term
What were Pasteur's three conclusions rom his experiment?
Definition
-Microbes from microbes
-heat destroys microbes
-If you block microbe access it remains sterile
Term
Who founded the basis for aseptic techniques?
Definition
Pasteur
Term
Aseptic techniques
Definition
a:not
Septic:filled with disease
Techniques used to sterilize/keep sterilized
Term
What are some aseptic techniques we use in the microbiology lab?
Definition
Negative air flow, autoclaving with sealed bags, etc.
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
heat enough to spoilage bacteria
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Microbes (yeast) convert sugar to alcohol
Term
What was Lister known for
Definition
aseptic surgery
Term
How did Lister discover what he did?
Definition
friend who was an obstrition (1800's version anyways) and if one baby had the fever it passed down the line because of the lack of aseptic techniques
Term
How did Lister act on his discovery?
Definition
by putting alcohol (phenol) on his post surgical wounds. Dropped his infection/mortality rate lots. Phenol killed the bacteria
Term
What is Koch known for? (2)
Definition
-Id'd the cause of anthraz in humans and TB in humans
-Germ theory of Disease (his postulates)
Term
Who won the race between Koch and Pasteur of IDing the cause of Anthrax in cattle?
Definition
Koch
Term
What are Koch's Postulates? (4)
Definition
1. Same pathogen in every case
2. Pathogen isolated and grown in pure culture
3. Isolated pathogen causes the diesease when injected
4. Pathogen reisolated
Term
What are the 4 exceptions to Koch's Postulates?
Definition
1. Too fastidious
2. Disease can be caused by a number of microbes
3. The microbe can produce a number of diseases
4. Ethical issues
Term
What does Koch's postulate "too fastidious" mean?
Definition
its very picky:problem of growing in the lab
Term
what is an example of a disease that is too fastidious?
Definition
leporasy
viruses
syphillis
Term
Waht is an example of a disease that is caused by a number of microbes?
Definition
U.T.I.'s
(most common is E.Coli by many others can cause this)
Term
Waht is an example of a microbe that can produce many diseases?
Definition
E. Coli:UTI, wound infections, etc.
Term
What does Koch's postulate "ethical issues" mean?
Definition
only 1 host:human host, the disease makes you die, etc.
Term
What is an example of a diease that would have ethical issues?
Definition
HIV/AIDS
Term
Waht is Jenner known for?
Definition
Vaccination/immunization
Term
Vaccination/immunization
Definition
Immunity acquired by vaccine administration
Term
What was a shocking way Jenner proved a vaccination?
Definition
Innoculated 8 year old boy. (His son?!?!)
Term
What was the first vaccine? What was it for? Who discovered it?
Definition
a)cowpox
b)Smallpox
c)Jenner
Term
How does Ms. Kvatch think the word vaccitantion came from?
Definition
Cowpox first vaccine. "vaca" means cow in spanish
Term
Vaccine
Definition
Killed, inactivated, or attenuated microbes to induce artificially acquired immunity
Term
"Killed" microbe in vaccine
Definition
dead but outside will cause antibodies to form
Term
"inactivated" microbe in vaccine
Definition
can't cause disease
Term
"attenuated" microbe in vaccine
Definition
weakened
Term
How would you acquire an inactivated microbe?
Definition
insert gene into yeast, yeast makes protein, this put into body, body forms antibodies
Term
Immunity
Definition
Specific resistance by body's defense against a particular pathogen (antibodies)
Term
What are the 4 classifications to immunity?
Definition
Active, passive, natural, artificial
Term
Which is longer lasting, active or passive?
Definition
active
Term
Active immunity
Definition
your body makes antibody post disease or vaccine
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
you are given antibody, your body doesn't make.
Term
Natural active?
Definition
had the disease, make antibodies
Term
Natural Passive?
Definition
Placenta, breast milk
Term
Artificial active?
Definition
flushot
Term
Artificial passive?
Definition
Rhogam, gamma globulin
Term
Do all antibodies pass through the placenta?
Definition
no
Term
Which is the broader term, Rhogam or gamma globulin?
Definition
gamma globulin
Term
Why would rhogam be given?
Definition
Mom: RH- child: RH+
During pregnancy mixing, mom makes antibodies. Rhogam:gamma globulin antibodies. Rhogam given before her own antibodies can be made.
Term
How is Rhogam made? How is it given?
Definition
industrial made, given in a shot
Term
Immunology
Definition
study of immune system response
Term
Was penicilin originaly thought to be a "cure all" drug?
Definition
yes
Term
Was Rhogam originally concidered a "cure all" drug?
Definition
no
Term
Besides vaccines and producing antibiotics, what are 5 other benefits of Microbes?
Definition
1.Recycling elements
2.Sewage Treatment
3. Bioremediation
4.Insect Pest Control
5.Biotechnology
Term
How do Microbes help with recycling elements? (2)
Definition
A.Decomposers:Breaking down old so that new things can use them. Break down into smaller particles/elements
B)Producers: algae/oxygen
Term
What's a fun fact about sewage treatment?
Definition
1% solied: ad in large cities that can be 100,000 tons
Term
Bioremediation (notes in class)
Definition
use of microbes to 'remediate" or clean up pollutants
Term
What would bioremediation be used for?
Definition
A.oil spills, mercury spills
B. Landfills
Term
How are microbes used in landfills?
Definition
methane for energy: bacteria break down and make methane used to power city.
Term
What do Bacillus bacteria tend to produce?
Definition
toxins
Term
Insect Pest control (baccilus thuringienssis)
Definition
specific non chemical
use bacteria to stop ONLY INSECTS from hurting a plant
Term
Biotechnology
Definition
Our INTENTIONAL use of microbes, cells or cell components to make useful products.
Term
What are some of the examples of biotechnology?
Definition
landfills
sourdough bread
Term
What are not some of the examples of biotechnology?
Definition
decomposers
Term
What are some examples of bioengineering without genetic engineering?
Definition
Bread, cheese, fermentation(alcohol), yougurt, sewage, killed WHOLE organism vaccination.
Term
Genetic engineering
Definition
Manipulation of genetic material in-vitro
Term
in-vitro
Definition
in lab
Term
in-vivo
Definition
in body
Term
Recombinant DNA techniques
Definition
Insertion of gene into the DNA of another species
Term
What are some examples of Biotechnology with genetic engineering?
Definition
Hormones, enzymes
sub unit vaccination
Term
What are some examples of hormones that would be genetically engineered?
Definition
insulin, growth hormones
Term
How would a scientist genetically engineer hormones?
Definition
plasmids, E. Coli
Term
What type ofenzyme would be genetically engineered?
Definition
lactase
Term
How is a subunit vaccination genetically engineered?
Definition
yeast.
Term
s a subunit vaccination used with a whole or part of an organism?
Definition
NEVER WHOLE!!!
Term
What are two types of genetic engineering?
Definition
Recombinant DNA tecniques
Gene therapy
Term
Gene therapy
Definition
use virus to insert/replacemissing or incorrect gene into human cells
Term
What is an example of a disease that would use gene therapy?
Definition
Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia
Term
How was sickle cell anemia being fixed with gene therapy?
Definition
hemoglobin wrong, take out bone marrow, insert gene, stem cells changed, bone marrow put back in, person produces normal hemoglobin
Term
Normal flora (microbiota)
Definition
microbes that colinize a hose without causing a disease.
Term
Is it better or worse to not having flora where you should have them that having flora in either the wrong place or the wrong type of flora?
Definition
Trick question, just as bad
Term
Infectious disease
Definition
Disease when pathogen invade susceptible host
Term
Universal precautions
Definition
treat all specimens as if they are infective
Term
What is the only eradicated disease?
Definition
Small Pox
Term
What disease is in the process of being eradicated?
Definition
polio
Term
How is it determined if a disease is being eradicated?
Definition
No new cases, solid three years
Term
What is unique about small pox?
Definition
no reservoir
Term
What is an emerging disease?
Definition
New, changing or increasing.
Term
Mad Cow:organism type?
Definition
Prion
Term
What is unique about Prion?
Definition
in is a protein fragmet that is a self replicating protein and is not alive bt acts like it is
Term
Is a Prion alive?
Definition
no
Term
Mad Cow:source
Definition
cattle nervouse system?
Term
Can you cure a cow with mad cow diease? What is the procedure?
Definition
No, incinerate cow
Term
Can you cook out mad cow disease?
Definition
no
Term
How does a human become infected with Mad Cow disease?
Definition
Eat the contaminated/infected beef
Term
What is an example of genetic engineering in agriculture?
Definition
-Round up resistant crops (soybeans)
-bovine growth hormone (cow)
-Bt. Crops (bacillus thuringiensis)
Term
How are BT crops made?
Definition
-toxin paralyzes insects
-take gene and put into plasmid
-cause cell to become whole plant
-plant now has gene
Term
What are the symptoms of mad cow disease?
Definition
Neurological disorder:spongiform encephalitis
Term
When does the symptoms of Mad cow disease show up?
Definition
years later
Term
How do you diagnose mad cow disease?
Definition
diagnosed after deaeth and autopsy
Term
How do you prevent mad cow disease?
Definition
it is illegal to use mammal brain in feed (how cows could get it)
Term
How do you treat Mad Cow Disease?
Definition
No treatment/cure. Fatal
Term
What type of organism is E. Coli 0157?
Definition
bacteria (baccillus)
Term
What is the source of E.Coli 0157?
Definition
Undercooked beef, unpasteurized beverages, spinach
Term
What are the symptoms of E. Coli 0157?
Definition
-hemorrage colitis (very bloody diarrhea)
-hemolcytic uremic (bloody urine)
Term
How soon can one diagnose E. Coli 0157?
Definition
Within days
Term
How do treat E. Coli 0157?
Definition
it is selflimiting. One treats the symptoms with ivs
Term
How does one prevent E. Coli 0157?
Definition
cooking meat throughly
Term
How many E. Coli 0157 does it take to cause symptoms?
Definition
fewer than 10 can cause symptoms
Term
What type of organism causes HIV/AIDS?
Definition
Virus
Term
How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?
Definition
Sex, needles, transfusions, prenatally
Term
What is the source of HIV/AIDS?
Definition
Bloody and body transfusions
Term
When do the symptoms of HIV/Aids show up?
Definition
Not for years
Term
What are the symptoms of HIV/Aids?
Definition
Aids-kaposi's sarcoma, life threatening pneumonia yeast, and other infections
Term
How do you treat HIV/Aids?
Definition
no treatment. Only to delay symptoms, no cure
Term
What type of organism is symphillis caused by?
Definition
bacteria (spirochets)
Term
What is the source of syphillis?
Definition
blood and body fluids
Term
How is syphillis transmitted?
Definition
sex, prenatal
Term
What are syphillis's three stages?
Definition
1. Canchre (sore)
2. Rash
3. Tissues-brain, blind, aorta, skin, many sores
Term
How soon does the canchre show up for syphillis?
Definition
2 weeks-months
Term
Can one treat a canchre?
Definition
yes, with antibiotics
Term
If you treat syphillis in the canchre stage, do the other stages still occur?
Definition
no
Term
How soon after the canchre stage does the second stage show up?
Definition
2-4 years
Term
Where does the rash in the second stage of syphillis symptoms occur?
Definition
either skin or mucous membrane
Term
Can you treat the rash of Syphillis?
Definition
yes, with antibiotics.
Term
If you treat the symptoms of Syphillis's rash, does the thrid stage occur?
Definition
no
Term
Are the symptoms of the thrid stage of syphillis uncurable?
Definition
you can treat, but the damage is done and permanent
Term
What are the three major techniques used to hasten the oil degredation when bioremediation is used?
Definition
1. Biostimulation
2.Bioaugmentation
3.Genetically engineered microorganisms
Term
Why is biostimulation used, and what is the procedure?
Definition
optimizing the enviroment of oil-degrading microbes to accelerate their growth and metabolize activity. Through this nutrients are added to the enviroment and the "bad" is taken out
Term
Why is bioaugmentation used, and what is the procedure?
Definition
adding additional microorganisms along with the naturally occuring oil degrading organisms (seeding) to more optimally degrade the type of oil present
Term
Why is genetically engineered microorganisms used, and what is the procedure?
Definition
They are being made to do what naturally occuring microbes can't. Scientists are attempting to put all enzyme pathways into one organism. It will be used to speed up the process of bioremediation, but is not perfected yet.
Term
What are other sources of oil contamination besides oil tanker spills?
Definition
-improperly drilled holes in the ocean floor
-loading and unloading tankers
-natural seepage of oil from oceanic oil deposits
-run off from human land based operations
-improper disposal of used motor oil...etc.
Term
what is a problem of using oil-egrading microbes in the bioremediation of oil spills?
Definition
very slow
Term
What is an advantage of using oildegrading microbes in biorediation of enviromental oil spills, as opposed to using chemical or mechanical techniques?
Definition
transforms toxic chemicals in oil into harmless byproducts.
Does not just displace into a new location
disrupts the enviroment and ecosystem less
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