Term
|
Definition
living things too small to be seen with the living eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
ability of microbe to cause disease by overwhelming defense of host |
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Term
|
Definition
treatment of disease with chemical substances |
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Term
|
Definition
Antimicrobial agents usually produces naturally by fungus |
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|
Term
Who discovered the first anibiotic? What was it? |
|
Definition
Fleming discovered penicilin by accident |
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Term
|
Definition
Chemotherapeutic agent made in a lab |
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Term
|
Definition
Increasesd ability of microbe to tolerate antimicrobials without succumbing |
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|
Term
3 Types/Reasons for drug resistance |
|
Definition
-Exchange of plasmids -Not taking entire prescription -Inappropriate prescription |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Why is not taking the entire prescription bad? |
|
Definition
leaves behind those most resistant |
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Term
Why are inappropriate prescriptions bad? |
|
Definition
doesn't affect virus, but can affect resistance of bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
consists of two names: both italicized or underlined |
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|
Term
How is the Genus written? |
|
Definition
Capitalized, after mentioned can be labeled with initial |
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Term
How is the species/specific epithet written? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
protein coat and nucleic acid |
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|
Term
What types of nucleic acid are in a virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of nucleic acid causes viruses to mutate more rapidly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Obligatory Intracellular Parasites |
|
Definition
have to live inside of their host CELL. Force it to make baby viruses and the cell bursts. They than infaltrate (sp?) a new cell and the process continues |
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Term
|
Definition
Cancer can form(tumor) i.e. HPV |
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|
Term
Can antibiotics cure a virus? |
|
Definition
no, they only can treat the symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-What our bodies make in response to viruses -Broad -Only works within species |
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Term
How many cells do prokaryotes have? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What types of shapes do Bacteria have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a bacteria is really small, what shape do you classify it in? |
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Definition
not round: bacillus round:coccus |
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|
Term
Waht is important when labeling bacteria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Do bacteria have cell walls? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is a bacteria's cell wall made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What is another nae for peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
how many curves/kinks they have |
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|
Term
How do bacteria reproduce? |
|
Definition
binary fusion (split in half) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Are archae prkaryotes or eukaryotes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Do archea have cell walls? |
|
Definition
No, or made of pseudomurein |
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|
Term
What are Archea's cellwalls made of? |
|
Definition
Pseudomurein, if they have any |
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|
Term
Methanogens are archae that... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
halophiles are archea that... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Where are halophiles found? |
|
Definition
Dead sea, great salt lake NOT OCEAN |
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|
Term
Thermophiles are archea that |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are thermophiles found? |
|
Definition
under sea volcanic vents yellowstone |
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|
Term
Are fungi living or nonliving? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When are you most likely to get a yeast infection? |
|
Definition
after you've been on antibiotics |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does one generally need to tape shut plates for bacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Does one generally need to tape shut plates for fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are yeast multicellular or unicellular? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What should you eat if you have a yeast infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a yeast infection in the oral cavity called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do plants get their nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hwo do mushrooms get their nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does Mycella look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a fungus's cell wall made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do Fungi get their nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does "Mycology" come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aer protozoa prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
How do protozoan move? (3ways) |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many flagella can a protozoa have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many cilla can a protozoa have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do Protozoa reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is unique about a euglena? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are algae prokaryotes of eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Algae's cell wall made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the 4 types of eukaryotes (we've discussed) |
|
Definition
Fungi Protozoan Algae Multicellular animal parasites |
|
|
Term
What are the 2 types of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
Eukaryotes (duh look at the name!!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parasitic worms with mouths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of both (parasitic) protozoa and parasitic worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organism infected by pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anthropod/insect that carries organisms btween hosts *has to be an injection* |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Continual source of infection:Human, animal, or nonliving *do not get "sick" or side affects* |
|
|
Term
Can a reservoir get sick from the thing it holds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is lyme's disease bacterial or viral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What damage can Lyme's disease do? (Where is the damage located?) |
|
Definition
joints and nervous system |
|
|
Term
Lyme's disease: Host? Vector? Reservoir? |
|
Definition
Host: Human Vector:deer tick Reservoir: Field mice (deer) |
|
|
Term
What is a common indicator of Lyme's disease? |
|
Definition
Bull's eye rash, but goes away |
|
|
Term
How did Lyme's disease get its name? |
|
Definition
First normal outbreak of symptoms in Lyme (city) |
|
|
Term
What is Malaria caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How would you diagnose a parasitic worm? |
|
Definition
look for eggs, not for the worm itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Host: human Vector:mosquito |
|
|
Term
What can be a sort of imunity to malaria? |
|
Definition
Heterozygous or people who have sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have both dominant and recessive trait |
|
|
Term
How would you diagnose malaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When should you test for malaria? |
|
Definition
1 hour before the patient's temperature spikes |
|
|
Term
Is a person with malaria temperatures on a cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do malaria patients spike a fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes:simple, no true nucleous Eukaryotes:Complex, have nucleous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When did Hooke coin what he did? |
|
Definition
looking at cork, looked like mini prison cells? |
|
|
Term
What did Vanleewenhoek coin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When did Vanleewenhoek coin what he did? |
|
Definition
looking at single celld protozoans in pond waters. |
|
|
Term
Who had the 1st unicellular sighting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who supported spontaneous generation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why did Needham believe what he did? |
|
Definition
After boiling, microbes found (air contamination) |
|
|
Term
Who was against spontaneous generation? (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How did Redi try to disprove spontaneous Generation? |
|
Definition
Decaying meat:open to air flies/eggs;sealled-without |
|
|
Term
Waht was the crtiticism for Redi's results? |
|
Definition
Sealed: no air. No oxygen:no life |
|
|
Term
How did Spailianzani try to disprove spontaneous generation? |
|
Definition
Boild decaying meat AFTER sealed |
|
|
Term
What was the criticism for spalianzani? |
|
Definition
Sealed:no air No air: No oxygen |
|
|
Term
Did Spilanzani try to fix his experiment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Pasteur known for? |
|
Definition
credited with disproving spontaneous generation:microbes in air cause growth |
|
|
Term
Did Redi try to fix his experiment? |
|
Definition
Yes with mesh...no one cared |
|
|
Term
How did Pasteur tru to disprove spontaneous generation? |
|
Definition
strait vs. curled vases for boiling. |
|
|
Term
What was the criticism of Pasteur's experiment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Did Pasteur try to correct his experiment? |
|
Definition
No, there was no need to. |
|
|
Term
What were Pasteur's three conclusions rom his experiment? |
|
Definition
-Microbes from microbes -heat destroys microbes -If you block microbe access it remains sterile |
|
|
Term
Who founded the basis for aseptic techniques? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a:not Septic:filled with disease Techniques used to sterilize/keep sterilized |
|
|
Term
What are some aseptic techniques we use in the microbiology lab? |
|
Definition
Negative air flow, autoclaving with sealed bags, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heat enough to spoilage bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes (yeast) convert sugar to alcohol |
|
|
Term
What was Lister known for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How did Lister discover what he did? |
|
Definition
friend who was an obstrition (1800's version anyways) and if one baby had the fever it passed down the line because of the lack of aseptic techniques |
|
|
Term
How did Lister act on his discovery? |
|
Definition
by putting alcohol (phenol) on his post surgical wounds. Dropped his infection/mortality rate lots. Phenol killed the bacteria |
|
|
Term
What is Koch known for? (2) |
|
Definition
-Id'd the cause of anthraz in humans and TB in humans -Germ theory of Disease (his postulates) |
|
|
Term
Who won the race between Koch and Pasteur of IDing the cause of Anthrax in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are Koch's Postulates? (4) |
|
Definition
1. Same pathogen in every case 2. Pathogen isolated and grown in pure culture 3. Isolated pathogen causes the diesease when injected 4. Pathogen reisolated |
|
|
Term
What are the 4 exceptions to Koch's Postulates? |
|
Definition
1. Too fastidious 2. Disease can be caused by a number of microbes 3. The microbe can produce a number of diseases 4. Ethical issues |
|
|
Term
What does Koch's postulate "too fastidious" mean? |
|
Definition
its very picky:problem of growing in the lab |
|
|
Term
what is an example of a disease that is too fastidious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Waht is an example of a disease that is caused by a number of microbes? |
|
Definition
U.T.I.'s (most common is E.Coli by many others can cause this) |
|
|
Term
Waht is an example of a microbe that can produce many diseases? |
|
Definition
E. Coli:UTI, wound infections, etc. |
|
|
Term
What does Koch's postulate "ethical issues" mean? |
|
Definition
only 1 host:human host, the disease makes you die, etc. |
|
|
Term
What is an example of a diease that would have ethical issues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Waht is Jenner known for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunity acquired by vaccine administration |
|
|
Term
What was a shocking way Jenner proved a vaccination? |
|
Definition
Innoculated 8 year old boy. (His son?!?!) |
|
|
Term
What was the first vaccine? What was it for? Who discovered it? |
|
Definition
a)cowpox b)Smallpox c)Jenner |
|
|
Term
How does Ms. Kvatch think the word vaccitantion came from? |
|
Definition
Cowpox first vaccine. "vaca" means cow in spanish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Killed, inactivated, or attenuated microbes to induce artificially acquired immunity |
|
|
Term
"Killed" microbe in vaccine |
|
Definition
dead but outside will cause antibodies to form |
|
|
Term
"inactivated" microbe in vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"attenuated" microbe in vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How would you acquire an inactivated microbe? |
|
Definition
insert gene into yeast, yeast makes protein, this put into body, body forms antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specific resistance by body's defense against a particular pathogen (antibodies) |
|
|
Term
What are the 4 classifications to immunity? |
|
Definition
Active, passive, natural, artificial |
|
|
Term
Which is longer lasting, active or passive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
your body makes antibody post disease or vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
you are given antibody, your body doesn't make. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
had the disease, make antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do all antibodies pass through the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is the broader term, Rhogam or gamma globulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why would rhogam be given? |
|
Definition
Mom: RH- child: RH+ During pregnancy mixing, mom makes antibodies. Rhogam:gamma globulin antibodies. Rhogam given before her own antibodies can be made. |
|
|
Term
How is Rhogam made? How is it given? |
|
Definition
industrial made, given in a shot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of immune system response |
|
|
Term
Was penicilin originaly thought to be a "cure all" drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Was Rhogam originally concidered a "cure all" drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Besides vaccines and producing antibiotics, what are 5 other benefits of Microbes? |
|
Definition
1.Recycling elements 2.Sewage Treatment 3. Bioremediation 4.Insect Pest Control 5.Biotechnology |
|
|
Term
How do Microbes help with recycling elements? (2) |
|
Definition
A.Decomposers:Breaking down old so that new things can use them. Break down into smaller particles/elements B)Producers: algae/oxygen |
|
|
Term
What's a fun fact about sewage treatment? |
|
Definition
1% solied: ad in large cities that can be 100,000 tons |
|
|
Term
Bioremediation (notes in class) |
|
Definition
use of microbes to 'remediate" or clean up pollutants |
|
|
Term
What would bioremediation be used for? |
|
Definition
A.oil spills, mercury spills B. Landfills |
|
|
Term
How are microbes used in landfills? |
|
Definition
methane for energy: bacteria break down and make methane used to power city. |
|
|
Term
What do Bacillus bacteria tend to produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Insect Pest control (baccilus thuringienssis) |
|
Definition
specific non chemical use bacteria to stop ONLY INSECTS from hurting a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Our INTENTIONAL use of microbes, cells or cell components to make useful products. |
|
|
Term
What are some of the examples of biotechnology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are not some of the examples of biotechnology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are some examples of bioengineering without genetic engineering? |
|
Definition
Bread, cheese, fermentation(alcohol), yougurt, sewage, killed WHOLE organism vaccination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Manipulation of genetic material in-vitro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Recombinant DNA techniques |
|
Definition
Insertion of gene into the DNA of another species |
|
|
Term
What are some examples of Biotechnology with genetic engineering? |
|
Definition
Hormones, enzymes sub unit vaccination |
|
|
Term
What are some examples of hormones that would be genetically engineered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How would a scientist genetically engineer hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type ofenzyme would be genetically engineered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is a subunit vaccination genetically engineered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
s a subunit vaccination used with a whole or part of an organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are two types of genetic engineering? |
|
Definition
Recombinant DNA tecniques Gene therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use virus to insert/replacemissing or incorrect gene into human cells |
|
|
Term
What is an example of a disease that would use gene therapy? |
|
Definition
Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
How was sickle cell anemia being fixed with gene therapy? |
|
Definition
hemoglobin wrong, take out bone marrow, insert gene, stem cells changed, bone marrow put back in, person produces normal hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
Normal flora (microbiota) |
|
Definition
microbes that colinize a hose without causing a disease. |
|
|
Term
Is it better or worse to not having flora where you should have them that having flora in either the wrong place or the wrong type of flora? |
|
Definition
Trick question, just as bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease when pathogen invade susceptible host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treat all specimens as if they are infective |
|
|
Term
What is the only eradicated disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What disease is in the process of being eradicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is it determined if a disease is being eradicated? |
|
Definition
No new cases, solid three years |
|
|
Term
What is unique about small pox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an emerging disease? |
|
Definition
New, changing or increasing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is unique about Prion? |
|
Definition
in is a protein fragmet that is a self replicating protein and is not alive bt acts like it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can you cure a cow with mad cow diease? What is the procedure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can you cook out mad cow disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does a human become infected with Mad Cow disease? |
|
Definition
Eat the contaminated/infected beef |
|
|
Term
What is an example of genetic engineering in agriculture? |
|
Definition
-Round up resistant crops (soybeans) -bovine growth hormone (cow) -Bt. Crops (bacillus thuringiensis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-toxin paralyzes insects -take gene and put into plasmid -cause cell to become whole plant -plant now has gene |
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms of mad cow disease? |
|
Definition
Neurological disorder:spongiform encephalitis |
|
|
Term
When does the symptoms of Mad cow disease show up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do you diagnose mad cow disease? |
|
Definition
diagnosed after deaeth and autopsy |
|
|
Term
How do you prevent mad cow disease? |
|
Definition
it is illegal to use mammal brain in feed (how cows could get it) |
|
|
Term
How do you treat Mad Cow Disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of organism is E. Coli 0157? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the source of E.Coli 0157? |
|
Definition
Undercooked beef, unpasteurized beverages, spinach |
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms of E. Coli 0157? |
|
Definition
-hemorrage colitis (very bloody diarrhea) -hemolcytic uremic (bloody urine) |
|
|
Term
How soon can one diagnose E. Coli 0157? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do treat E. Coli 0157? |
|
Definition
it is selflimiting. One treats the symptoms with ivs |
|
|
Term
How does one prevent E. Coli 0157? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many E. Coli 0157 does it take to cause symptoms? |
|
Definition
fewer than 10 can cause symptoms |
|
|
Term
What type of organism causes HIV/AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is HIV/AIDS transmitted? |
|
Definition
Sex, needles, transfusions, prenatally |
|
|
Term
What is the source of HIV/AIDS? |
|
Definition
Bloody and body transfusions |
|
|
Term
When do the symptoms of HIV/Aids show up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms of HIV/Aids? |
|
Definition
Aids-kaposi's sarcoma, life threatening pneumonia yeast, and other infections |
|
|
Term
How do you treat HIV/Aids? |
|
Definition
no treatment. Only to delay symptoms, no cure |
|
|
Term
What type of organism is symphillis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the source of syphillis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is syphillis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are syphillis's three stages? |
|
Definition
1. Canchre (sore) 2. Rash 3. Tissues-brain, blind, aorta, skin, many sores |
|
|
Term
How soon does the canchre show up for syphillis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you treat syphillis in the canchre stage, do the other stages still occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How soon after the canchre stage does the second stage show up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does the rash in the second stage of syphillis symptoms occur? |
|
Definition
either skin or mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
Can you treat the rash of Syphillis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you treat the symptoms of Syphillis's rash, does the thrid stage occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are the symptoms of the thrid stage of syphillis uncurable? |
|
Definition
you can treat, but the damage is done and permanent |
|
|
Term
What are the three major techniques used to hasten the oil degredation when bioremediation is used? |
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Definition
1. Biostimulation 2.Bioaugmentation 3.Genetically engineered microorganisms |
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Term
Why is biostimulation used, and what is the procedure? |
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Definition
optimizing the enviroment of oil-degrading microbes to accelerate their growth and metabolize activity. Through this nutrients are added to the enviroment and the "bad" is taken out |
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Term
Why is bioaugmentation used, and what is the procedure? |
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Definition
adding additional microorganisms along with the naturally occuring oil degrading organisms (seeding) to more optimally degrade the type of oil present |
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Term
Why is genetically engineered microorganisms used, and what is the procedure? |
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Definition
They are being made to do what naturally occuring microbes can't. Scientists are attempting to put all enzyme pathways into one organism. It will be used to speed up the process of bioremediation, but is not perfected yet. |
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Term
What are other sources of oil contamination besides oil tanker spills? |
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Definition
-improperly drilled holes in the ocean floor -loading and unloading tankers -natural seepage of oil from oceanic oil deposits -run off from human land based operations -improper disposal of used motor oil...etc. |
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Term
what is a problem of using oil-egrading microbes in the bioremediation of oil spills? |
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Definition
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Term
What is an advantage of using oildegrading microbes in biorediation of enviromental oil spills, as opposed to using chemical or mechanical techniques? |
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Definition
transforms toxic chemicals in oil into harmless byproducts. Does not just displace into a new location disrupts the enviroment and ecosystem less |
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