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| Microbes (microorganisms) |
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| minute living tings that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided (naked) eye. Ex: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses. food industry uses them in vinegar, alcohol and vitamins, drugs. |
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| disease producing, only a few microorganisms are this |
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Robert Hooke
discovered cells using compoud (2 lenses) microscope
all living things are composed of cells |
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first to observe live microorganisms thru lenses he invented
used single lensed microscopes (simple0 |
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| belief that all forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter |
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| Rudolf Virchow challenged spontaneous generation w/this claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. |
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| proved spontaneous generation wrong with experiments |
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pasteur discovered it
yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in absence of air
used to make wine and beer |
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reduces spoilage and kills harmful bacteria in milk and alcoholic drinks
pasteurs solution to bacteria spoilage and souring
heat beer and wine enough to kill most bacteria |
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the principal that microorganisms cause disease
people didn't like it, thought disease was punishment for sins
Robert Koch had 1st proof that bacteria causes disease in 1867
rival w/pasteur to find cause of anthrax-killed sheep, cattle. this led to Koch's postulates |
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| criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases |
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techniques used in surgery to prevent microbial contamination of the patient
Joseph Lister used these. he used phenol to kill bacteria in wounds he treated. one of the earliest attempts to control infectious caused by microorganisms. his findings proved they caused surgical wound infections |
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| discovered that cow pow blisters is vaccine for small pox |
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| the protection from diseases provided by a vaccination or something else |
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| treatment of disease by using chemical substances |
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| chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms |
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| chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in a lab |
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"magic bullet"-could hunt down and destroy pathogen w/out harming the infected host.
finally found it-Salvarsan-arsenic derivative effective against syphilis |
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| discovered 1st antibiotic by accident. about to throw out mold but turned out mold could inhibit growth of a bacterium. later called Penicillium notatum later penicillian chrysogenum. then he named molds active inhibitor penicillin. so it's an antibiotic produced by fungus. |
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study of bacteria
began w/van leeuwenhoek 1st exam of tooth scrapings |
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| study of fungi, includes medical, agricultural and ecological branches |
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| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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study of all organisms genes
has allowed scientists to classify bacteria, fungi according to genetic relationships w/other bacteria and fungi |
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| A DNA molecule produced by combing DNA from 2 different sources |
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| Recombinant DNA technology |
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| manufacturing and manipulating genetic materal in vitro aka genetic engineering |
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| studies mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits |
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| studies how genetic info is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. |
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| 1st name, always capitalized |
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species name
follows genus name, not capitalized |
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a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelop
includes both bacteria nad archaea |
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| organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing cells genetic material (DNA) surround by a special envelope called nuclear membrane |
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simple,single celled organisms, prokaryotes appear in shapes: bacillus, coccus spiral, square, starshaped
enclosed in cell wall, composed of carbohydrates and protein complex-peptidoglycan. reproduced by binary fission dividing into 2 equal cells |
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| eukaryotes, may be uni or multicellular. cell wall composed of chitin. most typical is molds |
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| unicellular eukaryotic microbes. moves by pseudopods, flagella or cilia. variety of shapes. live either as free entities or parasites. reproduce sexually or asexually |
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| photosynthetic eukaryotes w/wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms. cell wall is cellulose, mostly unicellular |
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| very small, are acellular. in a sense are parasites living in hosts not outside of host |
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| Multicellular animal parasites |
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| 2 major groups of parasitic worms are flatworms and roundworms collectively called helminths |
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recycling vital elements-microorganisms convert essential elements O,N,C,S,P into forms plants, animals can use
sewage treatment-microbes recycle water
Bioremediation-use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant
pest control
biotechnology-industrial application of microorganisms cells or cell components to make usual products. |
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| Normal microbiota (flora) |
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the microorganisms that colonize a host w/out causing disease
but when some leave habitat they cause disease |
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| ability to ward off diseases |
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| disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host such as human or animal |
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| Who are founders of microbiology |
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| Hooke, Leuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Lister, Jenner, Fleming, and Ehrlich |
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| What are different fields of study? |
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| Bacteriology, Mycology, Parasitology, Immunology, Virology |
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| What are positive and negative aspects or microbes? |
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positive-recycling, sewage, bioremediation, pest control, biotechnology
negative-disease, food spoilage |
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