Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cleansing technique that mechanically removes micro-organisms- not sterile but decreases # of microbes |
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Term
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Definition
reducing the number of microbes in human skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
temporarily prevents multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
The permanent loss of reproductive capability even in optimal conditions |
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Term
- number of microbes
- nature of microbes in the population
- temperature and the pH
- concentration or dosage of agent
- mode of action of agent
- presence of solvents, organic matter, or inhibitors
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Definition
Factors that affect the death rate |
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Term
- heat
- radiation
- cold
- dessication
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Definition
Physical control of microbes is accomplished by what methods. |
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Term
Moist heat under pressure/autoclave |
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Definition
Which type of heat is the most effective and what method uses this type of heat? |
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Term
Lowest temperature required to kill ALL microbes in ten mintues |
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Definition
What is the thermal death rate? |
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Term
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Definition
Heat applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
Sterilizing using radiation instead of heat |
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Term
Ionizing radiation penetrates much deeper, non-ionizing radiation is UV light and doesn't penetrate past the surface |
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Definition
What is the difference between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation? |
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Term
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Definition
What method is used to sterilize the air in hospital isolation rooms? |
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Term
- Cell Walls
- Cell membranes
- DNA or RNA synthesis
- Protein function
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Definition
What are the four cellular targets of anti-microbials? |
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Term
- most bacterial
- vegetative cells
- fungal spores
- enveloped viruses
- yeast
- protozoan
- trophozoites
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Definition
What type of microbes are least resistant? |
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Term
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Definition
What type of microbes are most resistant? |
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Term
- Pseudomonas sp.
- Mycobacterium
- TB
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Protozoan cysts
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Definition
What type of microbes have moderate resistance? |
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Term
Glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide |
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Definition
Which chemical agents are the closest to ideal agents? |
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Term
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Definition
What class of chemical agents do chlorine and iodine belong to? |
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Term
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Definition
What class of chemical agents does Lysol belong to? |
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Term
Dissolve membrane lipids, disrupt cell surface tension and denatures proteins |
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Definition
What is the mechanism of action of alcohols? |
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Term
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Definition
An automatic ethylene oxide sterilizer |
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Term
Mechanism of action of Hydrogen Peroxide |
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Definition
Germicidal affects are due to the direct and indirect actions of oxygen which forms free radicals that are highly toxic to microbes. |
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Term
Low level disinfection only |
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Definition
Detergents are useful for which level of antimicrobial effects? |
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Term
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Definition
What types of heavy metals have been used for microbial control? |
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Term
Aldehydes-glutaraldehyde;
Sterile equipment that can not tolerate high heat |
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Definition
What class of chemical agents does Cidex belong to? What is is used for? |
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Term
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Definition
Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis? |
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Term
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Definition
Any chemical used to treat or prevent disease (meds used to prevent disease) |
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Term
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Definition
Natural substances produced by micro-organisms that can inhibit or destroy other microbes? |
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Term
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Definition
Kills microbial cells without damaging host cells |
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Term
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Definition
Limited range of microbes affected by the drug |
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Term
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Definition
Large range of microbes affected by the drug |
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Term
Mechanism of action of antimicrobials |
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Definition
Inhibition of cell wall, DNA/RNA function, protein synthesis and interference with cell membrane structure or function are the mechanism of what? |
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Term
Penicillins and Cephalosporins |
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Definition
Which classes of drugs affect the bacterial cell wall? |
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Term
Flouroquinolones, Rifampin, and antiviral drugs |
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Definition
Which classes of drugs affect DNA/RNA synthesis? |
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Term
Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides,erythromycin |
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Definition
Which classes of drugs affect protein synthesis? |
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Term
Polymyxins and antifungals |
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Definition
What classes of drugs affect cell membrane? |
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Term
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Definition
Antibiotics that interfere with metabolic processes. |
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Term
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Definition
What is unique about the structure of penicillin |
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Term
They develop enzymes to break the beta lactam ring |
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Definition
How do enzymes become resistant to penicillins? |
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Term
- Streptococcus
- Staphylococcus
- Syphilis
- some gram negative rods
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Definition
Penicillins are effective against what type of microbes? |
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Term
Chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes found in augmentin |
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Definition
What is clavulonic acid? What drug is it found in? |
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Term
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Definition
What group on antibiotics account for the majority of all antibiotics administered? |
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Term
4 Generations
1st generation: gram positive organisms
2nd, 3rd, and 4th: gram negative organisms |
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Definition
How many generations of cephalosporins are there and what is significant about those generations? |
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Term
Streptomycin and Gentamycin
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Definition
What are two examples of aminoglycosides |
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Term
GI disruption of normal flora and staining of teeth |
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Definition
What are the limiting factors of tetracyclines? |
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Term
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Dapsone
- Fluoroquinolone
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Definition
Which drugs are synthetic rather than natural antibiotics? |
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Term
- Amphoteracin B
- Nystatins
- Azoles
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Definition
Which drugs are used totreat fungal infections? |
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Term
- Climdamycin
- Azithromycin
- Rifampin
- Vamomycin
- Erythromycin
- Clarithomycin
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Definition
Which drugs are classified as macrolides? |
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Term
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Definition
What drugs are used for protozoan infections? |
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Term
Interfere with their metabolism so they are weakened and are able to be excreted from the body |
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Definition
What is the mechanism of action of drugs used for helminth infections? |
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Term
Inhibit viral penetration, multiplication, or assembly |
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Definition
What is the mechanism of action of antivirals? |
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Term
- Drug inactivation
- Decrease permeability/increased elimination
- Change of metabolic pattern
- Change in drug receptors
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Definition
How is drug resistance acquired (4 ways)? |
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Term
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Definition
When resistant microbes survive this is known as_______. |
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Term
- Direct toxicity to organs
- Allergic responses
- Changes to normal flora/superinfection
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Definition
What are 3 categories of host-drug reactions? |
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Term
- The nature of the microbe
- The susceptibility of the microbe
- Overall medical condition of the patient
- Toxicity to the drug
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Definition
What is the most important consideration in selecting a medication?
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Term
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
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Definition
The smallest effective dose of a drug against a specific microbe. |
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Term
Therapeutic Index (The smaller the TI, the more risk of toxicity to the patient) |
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Definition
The ration of the toxic dose to the effective dose |
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Term
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Definition
A pathogen that will cause disease in an otherwise healthy person. |
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Term
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Definition
A pathogen that will cause disease in an immune compromised person |
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Term
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Definition
Beneficial bacteria that are present on the skin, in the GI, upper respiratory tract and GU tracts |
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Term
- Skin
- mouth
- upper respiratory tract
- GU
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Definition
Where are staphylococcus spp found? |
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Term
- portal of entry
- invasion of Tissue
- portal of exit
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Definition
What are the 3 primary events in the infectious process? |
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Term
Predominantly in the GI tract and a small amount in the urinary tract |
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Definition
Where are coliforms found? |
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Term
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Definition
The amount of pathogen required to cause disease in a host. |
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Term
- Fimbriae
- Capsules
- Spikes
- Hook
- Flagella
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Definition
What are the mechanisms of adhesion of pathogens? |
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Term
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Definition
Enzymes secreted by the pathogens that damage tissues and promote invasion |
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Term
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Definition
Chemicals secreted when the pathogenic cells lyse |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins secreted by active gram positive or negative bacteria as specific symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
An infection that stays in the portal of entry system |
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Term
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Definition
Infection that spreads to several areas |
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Term
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Definition
Infection that stays in the portal of entry but releases toxins that effect other organs |
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Term
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Definition
Objective finding noted by the observer |
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Term
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Definition
Subjective findings reported by the patient |
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Term
Syphillis
Toxoplasmosis
Others (HepB, HIV, chlamydia)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus |
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Definition
What are some pathogens that are able to cross the placenta? (STORCH) |
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Term
- Respiratory
- Salivary
- Skin scales
- Fecal
- Urogenital Tract
- Blood
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Definition
What are some common portals of exit? |
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Term
|
Definition
Is the portal of exit for pathogens always the same as the portal of entry? |
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Term
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Definition
A pathogen remains in the body in a dormant state but it may still be shed and the person is a chronic carrier. |
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Term
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Definition
Long term or permanent damage to tissues or organs by a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
The number of existing cases in certain populations |
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Term
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Definition
The number of new cases compared to the general healthy population |
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Term
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Definition
Total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Total number of disease cases afflicting members of a population. |
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Term
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Definition
The steady frequency of the disease over a long period of time in a certain geographical area |
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Term
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Definition
The prevalence of a disease is increased in a certain area beyond what is expected |
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Term
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Definition
Disease that has spread across continents |
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Term
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Definition
An asymptomatic person who carries the pathogen and is able to transmit it. |
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Term
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Definition
An infected insect that carries and transmits a disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Disease that is acquired during a hospital stay |
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Term
- respiratory
- urinary tract
- surgical incisions
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Definition
What are the most common sites of a nosocomial infection? |
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Term
First line - physical, chemical, genetic barriers
Second line - inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis
Third line -acquired/specific immunity |
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Definition
What are the three lines of host defense? |
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Term
First and second lines of defense |
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Definition
Which lines of defense are inborn/innate? |
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Term
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Definition
Which line of defense is acquired? |
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Term
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Definition
Skin, rapid regeneration of mucous membranes, nasal hairs, ciliary defense in the respiratory tract, flushing by saliva, tears, sweat, vomiting, defecation, and urination are all examples of what type of barriers? |
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Term
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Definition
Sebaceous secretions, stomach acid, lysozyme in tears, lactic acid in sweat are all examples of what type of barriers? |
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Term
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Definition
What type of defenses are the following:
- Some pathogens can only infect certain species
- Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts
- Some genetic differences exist in susceptibility
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Term
- Surveillance of the body
- Recognition of foreign material
- Destruction of foreign material
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Definition
What three functions is the immune system responsible for? |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins and/or carbohydrates that enable the immune system to identify a foreign particle. |
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Term
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Definition
A theory to prove that a certain microbe caused the disease |
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Term
- reticuloendothelial system
- extracellualr fluid
- bloodstream
- lymphatic system
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Definition
Which body compartments are involved in immune function? |
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Term
Bloodstream and lymphatic system |
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Definition
What two systems are included in the circulatory system? |
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Term
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Definition
Which cells are agranulocytes? |
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Term
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils |
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Definition
Which cells are granulocytes? |
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Term
Macrophages - differentiated from monocytes |
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Definition
Which cells are the largest phagocytes and what is their origin? |
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Term
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Definition
What type of cells do lymphocytes differentiate into? |
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Term
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Definition
Which granulocytes destroy eukaryotic pathogens especially helminth worms and fungi
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Term
Third line of defense - specific/acquired immunity |
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Definition
What role do lymphocytes play in the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
Which cells are involved in humoral immunity? |
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Term
|
Definition
Which cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity? |
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Term
- phagocytic and killing functions
- processing foreign material and presenting them to lymphocytes
- secreting substances that activate other cells of the immune system (cytokines, interleukins)
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|
Definition
What functions are macrophages responsible for? |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to migrate out of the bloodstream into tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Process of leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation by following chemical stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
What system provides these functions:
- provides a route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
- acts as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response
- renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material through the use of lymphocytes, phagocytes and anibofdies
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Term
From plasma and circulates by skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
Where does lymph come from? How is it circulated? |
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Term
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Gi tract (GALT)
- Tonsils
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Definition
Where in the body is lymphoid tissue? |
|
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Term
- mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury
- set in motion mechanisms for tissue repair and clear away harmful substances
- destroy microbes and block their further invasion
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|
Definition
What are the functions of the inflammatory response? |
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Term
|
Definition
A reaction of any traumatic event in the tissues? |
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Term
- Rubor - redness
- Calor - warmth
- Tumor - swelling
- Dolor - pain
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Definition
What are the 4 classic signs and symptoms of inflammatory response? |
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Term
Pyrogens
- exogenous (pathogens, blood, vaccines)
- endogenous (liberated by WBC's during phagocytosis- interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor)
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|
Definition
What substances initiate a fever? What are some examples? |
|
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Term
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Definition
This inhibits multiplication of pathogens, impedes nutrition of bacteria, increases hosts metabolism, and stimulates immune reactions |
|
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Term
- Neutrophils
- macrophages (have larger role in immune system than neutrophils)
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Definition
What cells are considered phagocytes? |
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Term
Histocytes
(langerhans in skin, kupffers in liver, alveolar in lungs) |
|
Definition
Specialized macrophages that remain in certain tissues. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Type of cells that survey tissue for microbes, remove damaged tissue, and extract antigens from foreign material. |
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Term
Interferons
(alpha, beta, and gamma) |
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Definition
A family oaf proteins produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts that inhibit the reproduction of viruses by degrading viral RNA or blocking synthesis of viral proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
A complex defense system with multiple proteins involved that produce a cascade reaction |
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Term
Formation of a membrane attack complex to make holes in the cell membrane of bacteria, cells an enveloped viruses |
|
Definition
What is the final result of the complement system? |
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Term
- Initiation
- Amplification
- Membrane attack
|
|
Definition
What are the 3 stages of the complement cascade? |
|
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Term
the substance that initiated the cascade reaction |
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Definition
What is the major difference between the 3 complement pathways |
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Term
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Definition
A/an _______ is produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products and other antigens. It binds to cell surfaces and induces a change in genetic expression. It inhibits the expression of cancer genes and has tumor suppressor effects. |
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Term
- specificity to the antigen
- memory
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|
Definition
What are the two features that most characterize the Third line of defense- acquire specific immunity? |
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Term
Third Line - acquire specific immunity |
|
Definition
The following stages belong to what line of defense?
- development of the lymphocyte system
- processing of antigens and clonal selection
- activation of lymphocytes and clonal selection
- antibody production
- cell-mediated immunity
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Term
|
Definition
Protein or carbohydrate markers on the outside of the cell that receive and transmit chemical messages to aid in cellular development |
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Term
|
Definition
Preprogrammed lymphocyte specificity, existing in the genetic makeup before an antigen has ever entered the system. Each genetically different type of lymphocyte expresses a single specificity- undifferentiated lymphocytes undergo a continuous series of divisions and genetic changes that generate hundreds of millions of different cell types. |
|
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Term
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Definition
The elimination of any clones that may be specific for self cells |
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Term
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Definition
Large glycoprotein molecule that serves as the specific receptors of B-cells and as antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Site that is highly variable in shape to fit very specific antigens; at the end of the Y structure on the Ig. |
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Term
MHC (Major Histocompatabilty Complex) |
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Definition
Receptors found on all cells except RBC's |
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Term
|
Definition
Type of MHC receptor that displays unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions and is required for T lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
Type of MHC receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens; located primarily on macrophages and B cells; involved in presenting antigen to T cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Type of MHC receptor that is secreted complement components, C2 and C4 |
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Term
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Definition
What provokes an immune reaction and is perceived as foreign by the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
Small molecular group of an antigens that is recognized by lymphocytes. It is the primary signal that the molecule is foreign. |
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Term
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Definition
Small molecules that are usually not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier. |
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Term
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Definition
An antigen that provokes allergic reactions |
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Term
Most are T-cell dependent (only a few can interact with B-cells directly) |
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Definition
Are most antigens T-cell dependent or do they act directly with b-cells. |
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Term
Processed by phagocytes (dendrites) called antigen presenting cells (APC) |
|
Definition
How is an antigen processed? |
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|
Term
APC (Antigen Presenting Cells) |
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Definition
What alters an antigen and attaches it to its MHC receptor where it can be presented to the B and T-cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Peptides that carry signals between leukocytes |
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Term
- Interleukon-1 is secreted by APC to activate T-helper cells
- Interleukon-2 is produced by T-helper cells to activate B and other T cells
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|
Definition
How are interleukens involved in antigen processing and presenting? |
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|
Term
They enter the cell cycle in preparation for mitosis and clonal expansion. Division gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that can react to the same antigen later |
|
Definition
What happens to the B-cells once they are activated by Interleukon-2? |
|
|
Term
Fab - antigen binding fragment
and
Fc - crystalizable fragment that binds to various cells and molecules of the immune system |
|
Definition
What two fragments make up the structure of an antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What has functions of opsonization, neutralization, agglutination, and fixation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Process whereby antigens become coated with specific antibodies so that they will be more readily recognized by phagocytes to dispose of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process whereby antibodies fill the surface of receptors on a microorganism to prevent it from functioning normally |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Process of cross-linking cells into larger clumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The interaction of an antibody with complement can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How many classes of immunoglobulins are there? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins is the most prevalent? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins is the first responder with an initial antigen encounter? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins is in many secretions of the body including breast milk? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins has the largest molecules?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins are produced by memory B-cells in a second exposure?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins interact with mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergic response?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rather than making antibodies to control foreign antigens, the T cells act directly against antigens. This is known as what type of immunity? |
|
|
Term
- Helper
- Suppressor
- Cytotoxic
- Delayed Hypersensativity
|
|
Definition
What are the 4 types of T-cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What receptor is common to all T-cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of receptor do T-helper cells have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What type of receptors do T-cytotoxic cells have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the most prevalent T-cell? |
|
|
Term
HIV depresses and destroys the T-helper cells |
|
Definition
How does a patient with HIV become immunosuppressed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which type of T-cell is the conductor of the immune response by assisting other T and B cells. It reacts directly by receptor contact and indirectly by releasing cytokines such as interleukin-2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This type of T-cell mounts a direct attack on foreign receptor by secreting perforins that creates pores in the cells membrane, lysing it. |
|
|
Term
T-suppressor cells (T helper 2) |
|
Definition
This type of T-cell inhibits the action of other T and B-cells and regulates the immune response by producing protein inhibitors that prevent lymphocytes and macrophages from reacting with antigens. |
|
|
Term
T-delayed hypersensitivity cells |
|
Definition
This type of T-cell is responsible for allergies occurring several hours/days after contact such as TB reaction test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acquired immunity as part of natural experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunity acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunity that results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Preformed antibodies are donated to an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunity that is the result of an infection and recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of immunity that is the result of pregnancy and lactation |
|
|
Term
Artificial Active Immunity |
|
Definition
Type of immunity the result of a vaccination |
|
|