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Microbiology Block 1
Test 1 Micro
184
Microbiology
Graduate
09/23/2009

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sterilization
Definition
Kills everything
Term
Disinfection
Definition
does not kill endospores
Term
Sanitization
Definition
cleansing technique that mechanically removes micro-organisms- not sterile but decreases # of microbes
Term
Degermation
Definition
reducing the number of microbes in human skin
Term
Microbicide
Definition
kills microbes
Term
Microbistatic agent
Definition
temporarily prevents multiplication
Term
Microbial death
Definition
The permanent loss of reproductive capability even in optimal conditions
Term

 

  • number of microbes
  • nature of microbes in the population
  • temperature and the pH
  • concentration or dosage of agent
  • mode of action of agent
  • presence of solvents, organic matter, or inhibitors

 

Definition
Factors that affect the death rate
Term

  • heat 
  • radiation
  • cold
  • dessication

Definition
Physical control of microbes is accomplished by what methods.
Term
Moist heat under pressure/autoclave
Definition
Which type of heat is the most effective and what method uses this type of heat?
Term
Lowest temperature required to kill ALL microbes in ten mintues
Definition
What is the thermal death rate?
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
Heat applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage
Term
Cold Sterilization
Definition
Sterilizing using radiation instead of heat
Term
Ionizing radiation penetrates much deeper, non-ionizing radiation is UV light and doesn't penetrate past the surface
Definition
What is the difference between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation?
Term
Filtration
Definition
What method is used to sterilize the air in hospital isolation rooms?
Term

  1. Cell Walls
  2. Cell membranes
  3. DNA or RNA synthesis
  4. Protein function

Definition
What are the four cellular targets of anti-microbials?
Term

  • most bacterial
  • vegetative cells
  • fungal spores
  • enveloped viruses
  • yeast
  • protozoan
  • trophozoites

Definition
What type of microbes are least resistant?
Term
Bacterial endospores
Definition
What type of microbes are most resistant?
Term

  • Pseudomonas sp.
  • Mycobacterium
  • TB
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Protozoan cysts

Definition
What type of microbes have moderate resistance?
Term
Glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide
Definition
Which chemical agents are the closest to ideal agents?
Term
Halogens
Definition
What class of chemical agents do chlorine and iodine belong to?
Term
Phenolics
Definition
What class of chemical agents does Lysol belong to?
Term
Dissolve membrane lipids, disrupt cell surface tension and denatures proteins
Definition
What is the mechanism of action of alcohols?
Term
Chemiclave
Definition
An automatic ethylene oxide sterilizer
Term
Mechanism of action of Hydrogen Peroxide
Definition
Germicidal affects are due to the direct and indirect actions of oxygen which forms free radicals that are highly toxic to microbes.
Term
Low level disinfection only
Definition
Detergents are useful for which level of antimicrobial effects?
Term
Silver and Mercury
Definition
What types of heavy metals have been used for microbial control?
Term

Aldehydes-glutaraldehyde;

 

Sterile equipment that can not tolerate high heat

Definition
What class of chemical agents does Cidex belong to? What is is used for?
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis?
Term
Prophylaxis
Definition
Any chemical used to treat or prevent disease (meds used to prevent disease)
Term
Antibiotics
Definition
Natural substances produced by micro-organisms that can inhibit or destroy other microbes?
Term
Selective toxicity
Definition
Kills microbial cells without damaging host cells
Term
Narrow spectrum
Definition
Limited range of microbes affected by the drug
Term
Broad spectrum
Definition
Large range of microbes affected by the drug
Term
Mechanism of action of antimicrobials
Definition
Inhibition of cell wall, DNA/RNA function, protein synthesis and interference with cell membrane structure or function are the mechanism of what?
Term
Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Definition
Which classes of drugs affect the bacterial cell wall?
Term
Flouroquinolones, Rifampin, and antiviral drugs
Definition
Which classes of drugs affect DNA/RNA synthesis?
Term
 Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides,erythromycin
Definition
Which classes of drugs affect protein synthesis?
Term
Polymyxins and antifungals
Definition
What classes of drugs affect cell membrane?
Term
Sulfonamides
Definition
Antibiotics that interfere with metabolic processes.
Term
Beta Lactam ring
Definition
What is unique about the structure of penicillin
Term
They develop enzymes to break the beta lactam ring
Definition
How do enzymes become resistant to penicillins?
Term


 

  • Streptococcus
  • Staphylococcus
  • Syphilis
  • some gram negative rods

 

Definition
Penicillins are effective against what type of microbes?
Term
Chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes found in augmentin
Definition
What is clavulonic acid? What drug is it found in?
Term
Cephalosporins
Definition
What group on antibiotics account for the majority of all antibiotics administered?
Term

4 Generations

1st generation:  gram positive organisms

2nd, 3rd, and 4th: gram negative organisms

Definition
How many generations of cephalosporins are there and what is significant about those generations?
Term

Streptomycin and Gentamycin

 

Definition
What are two examples of aminoglycosides
Term
GI disruption of normal flora and staining of teeth
Definition
What are the limiting factors of tetracyclines?
Term

  • Sulfonamides
  • Trimethoprim
  • Dapsone
  • Fluoroquinolone

Definition
Which drugs are synthetic rather than natural antibiotics?
Term

  • Amphoteracin B
  • Nystatins
  • Azoles

 

Definition
Which drugs are used totreat fungal infections?
Term

  • Climdamycin
  • Azithromycin
  • Rifampin
  • Vamomycin
  • Erythromycin
  • Clarithomycin

Definition
Which drugs are classified as macrolides?
Term

 

  • Quiniines
  • Metronidazole

 

 

Definition
What drugs are used for protozoan infections?
Term
Interfere with their metabolism so they are weakened and are able to be excreted from the body
Definition
What is the mechanism of action of drugs used for helminth infections?
Term
Inhibit viral penetration, multiplication, or assembly
Definition
What is the mechanism of action of antivirals?
Term

 

  1. Drug inactivation
  2. Decrease permeability/increased elimination
  3. Change of metabolic pattern
  4. Change in drug receptors

 

Definition
How is drug resistance acquired (4 ways)?
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
When resistant microbes survive this is known as_______.
Term

 

  1. Direct toxicity to organs
  2. Allergic responses
  3. Changes to normal flora/superinfection

 

Definition
What are 3 categories of host-drug reactions?
Term

 

  • The nature of the microbe
  • The susceptibility of the microbe
  • Overall medical condition of the patient
  • Toxicity to the drug

 

Definition

What is the most important consideration in selecting a medication?

 

Term
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Definition
The smallest effective dose of a drug against a specific microbe.
Term
Therapeutic Index (The smaller the TI, the more risk of toxicity to the patient)
Definition
The ration of the toxic dose to the effective dose
Term
True Pathogen
Definition
A pathogen that will cause disease in an otherwise healthy person.
Term
Opportunistic pathogen
Definition
A pathogen that will cause disease in an immune compromised person
Term
Normal Flora
Definition
Beneficial bacteria that are present on the skin, in the GI, upper respiratory tract and GU tracts
Term

  • Skin
  • mouth
  • upper respiratory tract
  • GU

Definition
Where are staphylococcus spp found?
Term

  1. portal of entry
  2. invasion of Tissue
  3. portal of exit

Definition
What are the 3 primary events in the infectious process?
Term
Predominantly in the GI tract and a small amount in the urinary tract
Definition
Where are coliforms found?
Term
Infectious dose
Definition
The amount of pathogen required to cause disease in a host.
Term

 

  • Fimbriae
  • Capsules
  • Spikes
  • Hook
  • Flagella

 

Definition
What are the mechanisms of adhesion of pathogens?
Term

Exoenzymes

Definition
Enzymes secreted by the pathogens that damage tissues and promote invasion
Term
Endotoxins
Definition
Chemicals secreted when the pathogenic cells lyse
Term

Exotoxins

Definition
Proteins secreted by active gram positive or negative bacteria as specific symptoms.
Term
Localized infection
Definition
An infection that stays in the portal of entry system
Term
Systemic infection
Definition
Infection that spreads to several areas
Term
Focal infection
Definition
Infection that stays in the portal of entry but releases toxins that effect other organs
Term
Sign
Definition
Objective finding noted by the observer
Term
Symptoms
Definition
Subjective findings reported by the patient
Term

Syphillis

Toxoplasmosis

Others (HepB, HIV, chlamydia)

Rubella

Cytomegalovirus

Herpes Simplex Virus

Definition
What are some pathogens that are able to cross the placenta? (STORCH)
Term

  • Respiratory
  • Salivary
  • Skin scales
  • Fecal
  • Urogenital Tract
  • Blood

Definition
What are some common portals of exit?
Term
No
Definition
Is the portal of exit for pathogens always the same as the portal of entry?
Term
Latency
Definition
A pathogen remains in the body in a dormant state but it may still be shed and the person is a chronic carrier.
Term
Sequale
Definition
Long term or permanent damage to tissues or organs by a pathogen
Term
Prevalence
Definition
The number of existing cases in certain populations
Term
Incidence
Definition
The number of new cases compared to the general healthy population
Term
Mortality
Definition
Total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease.
Term
Morbidity
Definition
Total number of disease cases afflicting members of a population.
Term
Endemic
Definition
The steady frequency of the disease over a long period of time in a certain geographical area
Term
Epidemic
Definition
The prevalence of a disease is increased in a certain area beyond what is expected
Term
Pandemic
Definition
Disease that has spread across continents
Term
Disease Carrier
Definition
An asymptomatic person who carries the pathogen and is able to transmit it.
Term
Vector
Definition
An infected insect that carries and transmits a disease.
Term
Fomite
Definition
Inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens
Term
Nosocomial infection
Definition
Disease that is acquired during a hospital stay
Term

  • respiratory
  • urinary tract
  • surgical incisions

Definition
What are the most common sites of a nosocomial infection?
Term

First line - physical, chemical, genetic barriers

 

Second line - inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis

 

Third line -acquired/specific immunity

Definition
What are the three lines of host defense?
Term
First and second lines of defense
Definition
Which lines of defense are inborn/innate?
Term
Third line
Definition
Which line of defense is acquired?
Term

Physical barriers

 

Definition
Skin, rapid regeneration of mucous membranes, nasal hairs, ciliary defense in the respiratory tract, flushing by saliva, tears, sweat, vomiting, defecation, and urination are all examples of what type of barriers?
Term
Chemical barriers
Definition
Sebaceous secretions, stomach acid, lysozyme in tears, lactic acid in sweat are all examples of what type of barriers?
Term
Genetic defenses
Definition

What type of defenses are the following:

 

  • Some pathogens can only infect certain species
  • Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts
  • Some genetic differences exist in susceptibility

Term

 

  1. Surveillance of the body
  2. Recognition of foreign material
  3. Destruction of foreign material

 

Definition
What three functions is the immune system responsible for?
Term
Markers
Definition
Proteins and/or carbohydrates that enable the immune system to identify a foreign particle.
Term
Kochs' postulate
Definition
A theory to prove that a certain microbe caused the disease
Term

  • reticuloendothelial system
  • extracellualr fluid
  • bloodstream
  • lymphatic system

Definition
Which body compartments are involved in immune function?
Term
Bloodstream and lymphatic system
Definition
What two systems are included in the circulatory system?
Term
Lymphocyte and monocytes
Definition
Which cells are agranulocytes?
Term
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Definition
Which cells are granulocytes?
Term
Macrophages - differentiated from monocytes
Definition
Which cells are the largest phagocytes and what is their origin?
Term
B-cells and T-cells
Definition
What type of cells do lymphocytes differentiate into?
Term
Eosinophils
Definition

Which granulocytes destroy eukaryotic pathogens especially helminth worms and fungi

Term
Third line of defense - specific/acquired immunity
Definition
What role do lymphocytes play in the immune system.
Term
B-cells
Definition
Which cells are involved in humoral immunity?
Term
T-cells
Definition
Which cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Term

 

  • phagocytic and killing functions
  • processing foreign material and presenting them to lymphocytes
  • secreting substances that activate other cells of the immune system (cytokines, interleukins)

 

Definition
What functions are macrophages responsible for?
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
Ability to migrate out of the bloodstream into tissues
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Process of leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation by following chemical stimuli
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition

What system provides these functions:

 

 

  • provides a route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
  • acts as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response
  • renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material through the use of lymphocytes, phagocytes and anibofdies

 

Term
From plasma and circulates by skeletal muscle contraction
Definition
Where does lymph come from? How is it circulated?
Term

  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Gi tract (GALT)
  • Tonsils

Definition
Where in the body is lymphoid tissue?
Term

  • mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury
  • set in motion mechanisms for tissue repair and clear away harmful substances
  • destroy microbes and block their further invasion

Definition
What are the functions of the inflammatory response?
Term
Inflammatory response
Definition
A reaction of any traumatic event in the tissues?
Term

  • Rubor - redness
  • Calor - warmth
  • Tumor - swelling
  • Dolor - pain

Definition
What are the 4 classic signs and symptoms of inflammatory response?
Term

Pyrogens

  • exogenous (pathogens, blood, vaccines)
  • endogenous (liberated by WBC's during phagocytosis- interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor)

Definition
What substances initiate a fever? What are some examples?
Term
Fever
Definition
This inhibits multiplication of pathogens, impedes nutrition of bacteria, increases hosts metabolism, and stimulates immune reactions
Term

  • Neutrophils
  • macrophages (have larger role in immune system than neutrophils)

Definition
What cells are considered phagocytes?
Term

Histocytes

(langerhans in skin, kupffers in liver, alveolar in lungs)

Definition
Specialized macrophages that remain in certain tissues.
Term
Phagocytes
Definition
Type of cells that survey tissue for microbes, remove damaged tissue, and extract antigens from foreign material.
Term

Interferons

(alpha, beta, and gamma)

Definition
A family oaf proteins produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts that inhibit the reproduction of viruses by degrading viral RNA or blocking synthesis of viral proteins
Term
Complement system
Definition
A complex defense system with multiple proteins involved that produce a cascade reaction
Term
Formation of a membrane attack complex to make holes in the cell membrane of bacteria, cells an enveloped viruses
Definition
What is the final result of the complement system?
Term

 

  1. Initiation
  2. Amplification
  3. Membrane attack

 

Definition
What are the 3 stages of the complement cascade?
Term
the substance that initiated the cascade reaction
Definition
What is the major difference between the 3 complement pathways
Term
Interferon
Definition
A/an _______ is produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products and other antigens. It binds to cell surfaces and induces a change in genetic expression. It inhibits the expression of cancer genes and has tumor suppressor effects.
Term

  1. specificity to the antigen 
  2. memory

Definition
What are the two features that most characterize the Third line of defense- acquire specific immunity?
Term
Third Line - acquire specific immunity
Definition

The following stages belong to what line of defense?

 

  • development of the lymphocyte system
  • processing of antigens and clonal selection
  • activation of lymphocytes  and clonal selection
  • antibody production
  • cell-mediated immunity

Term
Receptors
Definition
Protein or carbohydrate markers on the outside of the cell that receive and transmit chemical messages to aid in cellular development
Term
Clonal Selection Theory
Definition
Preprogrammed lymphocyte specificity, existing in the genetic makeup before an antigen has ever entered the system. Each genetically different type of lymphocyte expresses a single specificity- undifferentiated lymphocytes undergo a continuous series of divisions and genetic changes that generate hundreds of millions of different cell types.
Term
Immune Tolerance
Definition
The elimination of any clones that may be specific for self cells
Term
Immunoglobulins
Definition
Large glycoprotein molecule that serves as the specific receptors of B-cells and as antibodies
Term
Antigen binding site
Definition
Site that is highly variable in shape to fit very specific antigens; at the end of the Y structure on the Ig.
Term
MHC (Major Histocompatabilty Complex)
Definition
Receptors found on all cells except RBC's
Term
Class I receptor
Definition
Type of MHC receptor that displays unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions and is required for T lymphocytes
Term
Class II receptors
Definition
Type of MHC receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens; located primarily on macrophages and B cells; involved in presenting antigen to T cells
Term
Class III receptors
Definition
Type of MHC receptor that is secreted complement components, C2 and C4
Term
Antigen
Definition
What provokes an immune reaction and is perceived as foreign by the immune system.
Term
Antigenic determinant
Definition
Small molecular group of an antigens that is recognized by lymphocytes. It is the primary signal that the molecule is foreign.
Term
Hapten
Definition
Small molecules that are usually not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier.
Term
Allergan
Definition
An antigen that provokes allergic reactions
Term
Most are T-cell dependent (only a few can interact with B-cells directly)
Definition
Are most antigens T-cell dependent or do they act directly with b-cells.
Term
Processed by phagocytes (dendrites) called antigen presenting cells (APC)
Definition
How is an antigen processed?
Term
APC (Antigen Presenting Cells)
Definition
What alters an antigen and attaches it to its MHC receptor where it can be presented to the B and T-cells
Term
Interleukens
Definition
Peptides that carry signals between leukocytes
Term
  1. Interleukon-1 is secreted by APC to activate T-helper cells
  2. Interleukon-2 is produced by T-helper cells to activate B and other T cells
Definition
How are interleukens involved in antigen processing and presenting?
Term
They enter the cell cycle in preparation for mitosis and clonal expansion. Division gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that can react to the same antigen later
Definition
What happens to the B-cells once they are activated by Interleukon-2?
Term

Fab - antigen binding fragment

and

Fc - crystalizable fragment that binds to various cells and molecules of the immune system

Definition
What two fragments make up the structure of an antibody
Term
Antibodies
Definition
What has functions of opsonization, neutralization, agglutination, and fixation
Term
Opsonization
Definition
Process whereby antigens become coated with specific antibodies so that they will be more readily recognized by phagocytes to dispose of them
Term
Neutralization
Definition
Process whereby antibodies fill the surface of receptors on a microorganism to prevent it from functioning normally
Term
Agglutination
Definition
Process of cross-linking cells into larger clumps
Term
Complement Fixation
Definition
The interaction of an antibody with complement can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses.
Term
5
Definition
How many classes of immunoglobulins are there?
Term
IgG
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins is the most prevalent?
Term
IgM
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins is the first responder with an initial antigen encounter?
Term
IgA
Definition
Which class of immunoglobulins is in many secretions of the body including breast milk?
Term
IgM
Definition

Which class of immunoglobulins has the largest molecules?

 

Term
IgG
Definition

Which class of immunoglobulins are produced by memory B-cells in a second exposure?

 

Term
IgE
Definition

Which class of immunoglobulins interact with mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergic response?

 

Term
Cell-mediated immunity
Definition
Rather than making antibodies to control foreign antigens, the T cells act directly against antigens. This is known as what type of immunity?
Term

  1. Helper
  2. Suppressor
  3. Cytotoxic
  4. Delayed Hypersensativity

Definition
What are the 4 types of T-cells?
Term
CD2
Definition
What receptor is common to all T-cells?
Term
CD4
Definition
What type of receptor do T-helper cells have?
Term
CD8
Definition
What type of receptors do T-cytotoxic cells have?
Term
T-helper 
Definition
What is the most prevalent T-cell?
Term
HIV depresses and destroys the T-helper cells
Definition
How does a patient with HIV become immunosuppressed?
Term
T-helper cells (CD4)
Definition
Which type of T-cell is the conductor of the immune response by assisting other T and B cells. It reacts directly by receptor contact and indirectly by releasing cytokines such as interleukin-2
Term
T-cytotoxic cells (CD8)
Definition
This type of T-cell mounts a direct attack on foreign receptor by secreting perforins that creates pores in the cells membrane, lysing it.
Term
T-suppressor cells (T helper 2)
Definition
This type of T-cell inhibits the action of other T and B-cells and regulates the immune response by producing protein inhibitors that prevent lymphocytes and macrophages from reacting with antigens.
Term
T-delayed hypersensitivity cells
Definition
This type of T-cell is responsible for allergies occurring several hours/days after contact such as TB reaction test.
Term
Natural Immunity
Definition
Acquired immunity as part of natural experiences
Term
Artificial Immunity
Definition
Immunity acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
Immunity that results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
Preformed antibodies are donated to an individual
Term
Natural Active Immunity
Definition
Immunity that is the result of an infection and recovery
Term
Natural Passive Immunity
Definition
Type of immunity that is the result of pregnancy and lactation
Term
Artificial Active Immunity
Definition
Type of immunity the result of a vaccination
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