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Microbiology(Bio 210) Lab
Study guide for midterm
96
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/03/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Arm
Definition
connects base to body tube that contains lenses
Term
Compound microscope
Definition
use two or more sets of lenses to magnify specimen
Term
Base
Definition
light switch/on or off switch/voltage regulator
Term
ocular lens
Definition
eyepieces
Term
Binocular
Definition
two oculars
Term
Revolving nose piece
Definition
10x magnification objective lens(low power)
40x magnification objective lens(high power)
100x magnification objective lens(oil immersion)
Term
Course adjustment knob
Definition
large know on either side of arm that moves stage up or down rapidly to focus specimen
Term
Fine adjustment knob
Definition
small knob in center of course adjustment knob that moves stage up or down slightly to adjust sharpness of specimen focus
Term
Stage
Definition
platform that hold specimen
Term
Mechanical stage knob
Definition
moves specimen around on stage
Term
Condenser
Definition
directs and condenses rays from light source at base- can be moved up or down by knob on right side of arm below focus knobs
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
opens and shuts condenser aperture to allow more or less light through condenser to specimen
Term
Blue filter
Definition
blue glass in condenser(provides maximum resolution)
Term
Resolution
Definition
the ability of a microscope to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together
Term
To optimize resolution:
Definition
-raise condenser
-open diaphragm
-use blue filter
-use immersion oil with 100x objective
Term
Total magnification
Definition
The product of the magnifying power of the ocular lens x the magnifying power of the objective lens
Term
Parfocal
Definition
the ability of a microscope to remain in focus when changing from one objective lens to another with little or no adjustment
Term
Immersion oil
Definition
special type of mineral oil, this is used only with 100x objective lens to enhance focus and resoultion
Term
Index of refraction
Definition
glass in the lenses
Term
Care of microscope
Definition
1. lower stage before storing
2. turn microscope off
3. carry microscope with one hand on arm and other under the base
4.wrap power cord around base
5. use dust cover when done with microscope
Term
Ubiquity
Definition
the state or capacity of being everywhere
Term
Characteristics of bacterium
Definition
- unicellular
- Prokaryotic = bacteria lack a defined nucleus- no membranes-bound nucleus or organells
-cell is surrounded by a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
Term
Common bacterial shapes
Definition
-Bacilli(rods)
-Cocci(spherical)
-Spirals(helical or curved rods)
Term
Eukaryotic cells
Definition
have membrane bound nuclei and organelles
Term
Non-photosynthetic
Definition
do not have chloroplasts, and thus, cannot generate energy from light
Term
Mycetae
Definition
the kingdom the fungi belong to
Term
Mycology
Definition
the study of fungi
Term
Molds vs. Yeasts
Definition
two morphological forms of fungi
Term
Molds
Definition
filamentous growth that gives them a "fuzzy" or "cottony" appearance
-flament
-hyphae
-spores
Term
Hyphae
Definition
filaments with terminal spores
Term
Septate
Definition
hyphae-have crosswalls
Term
Non-septate
Definition
hyphae- no crosswalls
Term
Mycelium
Definition
a mass of hyphae that intertwines into a mat of growth
Term
Sporangiospores
Definition
spores encased in a membranous sac called a sporangium
Term
Conidia
Definition
spores are not encased in a sac- formed on a specialized hypha called a conidiophore
Term
Rhizopus(mold)
Definition
has long non-septate hyphae with sporangiospores and root like hyphae called rhizoids. whiteish-gray w/ black dots
Term
Aspergillus (mold)
Definition
has septate hyphae with conidia (black)
Term
Penicillium(mold)
Definition
has septate hyphae with conidia (blueish/green)
Term
Yeast
Definition
-form moist, smooth round colonies of growth on agar surface.
-cells are oval shape
-form budding cells that break away from parent cell
-unicellular
-pseudohyphae
Term
Saccharomyces(yeast)
Definition
light bage
Term
Pseudohyphae
Definition
chains of budding cells that are attached to parent cell
Term
Dimorphic/biphasic
Definition
fungi that exists in both yeast and mold
Term
Sepsis
Definition
unwanted growing
Term
Asepsis
Definition
absent from contamanation
Term
disinfection
Definition
decrease #'s of microorganisms
Term
Sterilization
Definition
no life forms
Term
How to maintain an aseptic technique
Definition
1.no contaminating microorganisms introduced into cultures that are being handled
2.the person manipulating the microbial cultures is not contaminated by the microorganisms being handled
Term
Procedure for aseptic technique:
Definition
1. disinfect your area before and after each use
2.label all materials with your: name of culture,your name,section,exercise, and description of the medium
3.sterilize your loop across the bunsen burner until it is red hot
4.remove the cap and flame the tip of tube while still holding the cap in your hand
5.only lift the lid of the agar media enough for the loop to streak the surface
6. wash hands with soap
7. incubate your cultures
8. put materials away
Term
Pure culture
Definition
a single cell divided and replicates exponentially, giving rise to a colony of cells that are identical progeny of the original parent cell
Term
Bacteria from isolated colonies may be differentiated by:
Definition
1.color
2.shape
3. size,odor,texture
Term
Pure culture technique
Definition
a method to dilute a large population of cells
1.streak plate
2.pour plate
Term
Streak plate method
Definition
3 empty disks:
1. down 1/3 than streak 1
2. flame
3. 2x than don't touch
4.flame
5. 2x than don't touch
Term
Pour plate method
Definition
1.remove a loopful of mixed culture and transfer it to tube 1
2.mix the tube and disperse evenly throughout the agar
3. remove a loopful of agar from tube 1 and transfer it to tube 2.mix tube 2
4. remove loopful of agar from tube 2 and transfer to tube 3.mix tube 3
5.pour all agar in tube 1 into dish 1.repeat this for tube 2 and 3
6. incubate
Term
Smear for broth culture
Definition
transfer several loops of culture to the center of the target area/flaming the loop between each transfer
Term
Smear for agar slant or plate
Definition
apply a small drop of water to the area where you will adding bacteria/mix the bacteria throughout the water droplet by using loop
Term
Good smear
Definition
1. thin
2.durable
3.heat no disort the morphology
Term
Purpose of passing smear through bunsen burner:
Definition
1. bacteria killed by heat
2. the cells with be "fixed"
Term
Simple staining
Definition
a method of staining microorganisms with just a single strain
ex: methylene blue
Term
Basic dye
Definition
bacteria is negative so stains that have positive polarity will bind readily to the cell by polar attraction
ex: methylene blue,crystal violet
Term
Acidic dye
Definition
will be repelled by the cell/background is colored while the cells are colorless
Term
Pleomorphism
Definition
they have varied or irregular shapes
Term
Metachromatic granules
Definition
phosphate storing crystals, appear dark purple to pink
Term
Procedure for simple staining
Definition
cell exposure for stain is 30 seconds-2 minutes. the stain is then rinsed off with distilled water,then blot dried and examined
Term
Gram staining procedure:
Definition
1. prepare the slide by cleaning it 2.transfer cells to drops of water on target areas
3. air try and heat fix it
4. decolorization( using alcohol)
(use young cells)
Term
Gram positive
Definition
-thick layer peptidoglycan
-retain primary stain- crystal violet
-purple
Term
Gram negative
Definition
-thinner layer
-lose primary stain
-counterstrain- safranin
-pink or red
Term
What cell structure accounts for the major difference between gram+ and gram- cells?
Definition
cell wall
Term
Differential stain
Definition
telling two things apart based on criteria
Term
Standard Plate Count(SPC)
Definition
Counts only the living cells based on the fact that each living cell will produce a colony on nutrient agar
Term
Countable plate
Definition
# of colonies growing- between 30 and 300
Term
Obligate(strict) Aerobes
Definition
require oxygen, grow at top of tube
Term
Obligate(strict) anaerobes
Definition
cannot tolerate oxygen, grow lower 2/3 of tube
Term
Facultative
Definition
can grow with and without oxygen, grow both places of the tube
Term
Microaerophilic
Definition
these organisms need oxygen in amounts lower than atmospheric concentrations
Term
Aerotolerant
Definition
organisms can grow in presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen in their metabolism
Term
Fluid thioglycollate medium(FTM)
Definition
sodium thioglycollate will tie up oxygen to create an anaerobic environment in the lower portion of the tube.
-It contains resazurin, a dye that indicates areas that have been oxygenated
-the medium is pail pink or blue in presence of oxygen, near the surface of the medium
-incubated at 37 degrees C
Term
Brewers Anaerobic Jar
Definition
Inoculate two nutrient agar plates with 3 bacterial cultures
- 1 plate incubated aerobically and 1 anaerobic jar
-incubate aerobic at 37 degrees C
Term
Psychorophiles
Definition
Cold, grow at temperatures between -5 and 20 degrees C
Term
Mesophiles
Definition
middle, grow between 20 and 40 degrees C
Term
Thermophiles
Definition
hot, grow between 50 and 80 degrees C
Term
Hyperthemophiles
Definition
grow at temps above 80 degrees C
Term
Prodigiosin
Definition
a pigment produced by serratia marcescens only when pigment is affected by temp.
Term
Hypertonic Solutions
Definition
cell shrinks, water goes from inside the cell to outside
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
cell swells, water from outside goes into cell
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
stays the same
Term
Halophile
Definition
salt loving
Term
osmophile
Definition
sugar loving
Term
Halotolerant
Definition
are capable of growing in high concentrations of salt
Term
How UV light caused DNA damage?
Definition
when UV light absorbs to DNA it causes pyrimidine dimers to form
Term
What allows some m/o to resist UV damage?
Definition
-SOS system which removes the damaged dimer and inserts new pyrimidines. visible light is required
-Bacteria that form endospores are resistant to UV light
Term
What m/o possesses these cellular structures?
Definition
Bacillus megaterium
Term
Antiseptic
Definition
-kill or inhibit the growth of m/o on tissue
-"bacteriostatic" - mild
Term
Disinfectants
Definition
-kills or inhibits m/o on surfaces
-"bacteriocidal" harsh/mostly kill
Term
How to measure zone of inhibition in antiseptics?
Definition
measure from the edge of the disk to the edge of growth
Term
Zone of inhibition
Definition
measured and compared to other zones of inhibition created by other reagents
Term
Kirby Bauer method
Definition
media= Mueller Hinton Agar
measure= diameter of zone in mm
factors= pH,depth,porosity
interpret resistant, intermediate, sensitive by chart
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