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| The smallest independently functioning unit of life |
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~All living things are composed of one or more cells
~The cell is the smallest and most basic unit of an organism
~All new cells come from already-existing cells |
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| Has or consists of more that one cell |
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| A layer or boundary that separates the interior of the cell from the outside world. |
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| A gel- like substance that fills the interior of the cell |
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| The largest substance in a cell. It contains the cells genetic material and sends signals to other parts of the cell. |
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| A specialized part of a cell that has its own function |
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| Cells that contain a nucleus. Ex: Plant and Animal Cells |
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| A membrane-enclosed organelle that is important for the production of energy necessary for cell activity |
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| The outermost layer of cell plants that provides a supporting framework |
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| Membrane-bound organelle that contains fluids that contribute to cell digestion and waste elimination. Vacuoles also provide structural support to some cells, especially plants cells. |
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| An organelle in which photosynthesis occurs within the cells of plants and algae. |
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| Chemical compounds that reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. |
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| Thin, hairline threads that project from the side of some cells and aid in movement (not found in (plants cells) |
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| A internal network of protein structures that control a cells shape and movements and allows the cell to move organelles around within the cell. |
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| A whip-like structure that protrudes out of some cells and is used for movement. |
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| Small round structures in which proteins are manufactured |
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| A state where biological processes are in balance in a cell or organism |
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| The process or mechanisms that a system in an organism use to maintain stability and resist changes from outside forces |
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| The movement of water through a membrane; the water moves from an area of high concentration to the area with low concentration. |
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| Microorganisms that are typically one-celled and contain a nucleus. (Paramecium and Amoeba) |
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| An organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
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| The study of microorganisms |
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| Microorganisms that lack a nucleus and organelles. (Bacteria and Archaea) |
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| Perokaryotes that contain flagella and pili and some contain a capsule. |
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| Prokaryotes that live in environments of extreme temperature or acidity |
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| Microbes that consist of a small amount of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat. It is unclear whether they are living or not. |
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| A unit of measurement that is one millionth of a meter. |
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| The adaptation of a organism or part of a organism to a specific function or condition. |
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| The process in which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the original cell |
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| Rod-shaped structures, usually found in pairs in a cell nucleus, that carries genes they inherit from their parents that tell them how to grow, develop, and function. |
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| The stage before the cell starts mitosis and copies its DNA |
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| Stage one in mitosis and the chromosomes condense |
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| Stage two in mitosis when the chromosomes line up tp prepare for seperation |
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| Stage three of mitosis when the chromosomes move to the poles of the spindle |
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| Final stage of mitosis where daughter cell nuclei form around the chromosomes on opposite sides of the dividing mother cell |
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| A structure consisting of a network of fibers along which the chromosomes are distributed and drawn apart during mitosis |
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| Organisms that live on or in another, usually larger, host organism in a way that harms or is not to an advantage to the host. |
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| Illnesses that spread from one person to another, especially by physical contact between people or contact with infected objects |
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| An external agent that increases the rate of mutation in cells or organisms, e.g., radiation or some chemical or virus |
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| A person or animal that is infected with a disease without displaying any of the symptoms;a carrier can pass infections to others |
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| The microbe or organism that introduces the disease into another organism. Viruses and animals can be vectors |
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| A protein with a carbohydrate component |
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| A lack of oxygen in the bodies tissues |
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| A protein that is bonded to a phosphorous-containing compound |
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| A macromolecule containing the genetic instructions for the synthesis of proteins |
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| John Snow hypothesizes that microbes (like bacteria) cause disease |
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| Smallpox is eradicated from the world |
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| Invention of the electron microscope enables observation of viruses |
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| Tuberculosis bacterium identified by Robert Koch |
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| Smallpox vaccination developed by Edward Jenner |
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| Rabies vaccine developed by Louis Pateur |
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| Filtration experiments show the diseases can be caused by something smaller than bacteria (key parts to the future discovery of viruses) |
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| Cholera bacterium identified by Filippo Pacini |
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| Penicillin, the first true antibiotic, is discovered by Alexander Fleming |
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| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek makes improvements to microscope design |
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| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as the cause of AIDs epidemic |
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| Pasteurization, a method of removing bacteria from liquid, was invented by Louis Pasteur |
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| Black Death hits Europe and kills 65 million people |
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