Term
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Definition
| It's the alteration of the state of the body or some of its parts which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of bodily functions. |
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Term
What are two different types of diseases? |
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Definition
1. Non-infections
2. Infections |
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Term
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Definition
| The objective evidence, manifestations of disease apparent to the observer |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change in the body or its function as perceived by the patient; may only be observed by the patient. |
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Term
| List a few examples of Non-infectious diseases: |
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Definition
1. Mechanical Injury (hit by car)
2. Poisons
3. Nutritional
4. Hormonal
5. Enzymatic
6. Degenerative
7. Genetic
8. Cancer |
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Term
| List a few examples of Infectious Diseases: |
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Definition
1. Contamination
2. Infection
3. Host |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of microorganisms in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| It's the presence and replication of microorganisms in the body, which may cause tissue injury or disease |
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Term
| What are 4 types of infections? |
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Definition
1. Contagious
2. Non-contagious
3. Zoonotic
4. Parasitic |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmitted from one animal to another |
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Term
| What does non-contagious mean? |
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Definition
| Not transmitted to other animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmitted from animal to human or human to animal |
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Term
| What does parasitic mean? |
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Definition
| Internal or external that feed of either hosts blood or tissue to stay alive |
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Term
List a few methods of spreading a disease: |
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Definition
1. Direct contact
2. fomites
3. Carriers
4. Soil
5. Food and water
6. Airborne
7. Insects
8. Resident flora--when host defenses are down
9. Laboratory exposure
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Term
| List a few ways to classify disease by time: |
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Definition
1. peracute
2. acute
3. subacute
4. chronic
5. subclinical |
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Term
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Definition
Affects aniamls extremely rapidly and patient often dies before clinical signs become apparent
EXAMPLE: Yew Poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
Arises within a few hours and are resolved within days; they either die or recover from the disease
EXAMPLE: Milk Fever/ Panleukopenia/ Parvovirus |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical signs development within 1-3weeks; patient either dies or recovers
EXAMPLE: Intestinal Obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
Insiduous onset within weeks, months, or years; because of this you often cannot pinpoint exactly when the animal became ill
EXAMPLE: Hip dysplasia |
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Term
| What does subclinical mean? |
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Definition
| Patient isn't feeling too well and just typically self-corrects in a few days; cause may never be determined but the patient may become a latent infection carrier. |
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Term
| List 3 properties of infectious agents: |
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Definition
1. Virulence
2. Bacterial enzymes
3. Toxin production |
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Term
| What does virulence mean? |
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Definition
| It's the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease and it's ability to grow and thrive in the environment; it destroys cells by: presence, secretion, and/or host response |
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Term
| List 2 things that can result from virulence: |
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Definition
| Local Infection or systemic infections |
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Term
| What are 3 different types of systemic infections: |
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Definition
1. septicemia
2. viremia
3. bacteremia |
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Term
| What are bacterial enzymes? |
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Definition
| They are important factors involved in virulence |
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Term
| List 4 Bacterial enzymes involved in virulence: |
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Definition
1. Hyaluronidase
2. Staphylokinase
3. Streptolysin
4. Penicillinase |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks down hyaluronic acid (tissue glue) and makes it more liquid-y between cells, easier for microorganisms to spread |
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Term
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Definition
| It's produced by certain staphylococci and lyses fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
| a hemolysin that breaks down red blood cells and is produced by certain streptococci |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a beta lactamase that breaks up penicillin molecules so the bacteria can replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances desctructive to the body, "Poisons" |
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Term
| What are two types of toxins? |
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Definition
1. Endotoxins
2. Exotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Its a toxin produced by bacterial cells that are released when the bacteria die |
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Term
| What are endotoxins a component of? |
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Definition
It's a component of gram negative bacterial cell wall
EXAMPLE: Escherichia coli is most common |
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Term
| What are clinical signs of endotoxemia? |
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Definition
Fever
inflammation
hermorrhage
shock
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
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Term
| What are characteristics of endotoxins? |
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Definition
Poor antigens
act locally |
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Term
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Definition
True toxins that are produced and released by plants, animals, and bacteria.
The bacteria are localized and release the toxin that affects a remote site |
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Term
| What are characteristics of exotoxins? |
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Definition
Highly poisonous
excellent antigens |
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Term
| What are some barriers for host defenses against disease? |
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Definition
1. Anatomical Barriers
2. Reflex Barriers
3. Phagocytosis
4. Biochemical
5. Antitoxin production
6. Interferon
7. Fever/inflammation |
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Term
| What are some examples of anatomical barriers? |
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Definition
They are the PRIMARY Defenses
1. Skin, normal, bacterial flora
2. Mucous membranes: respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tract
3. Low pH of stomach acid
4. Sebaceous Glands: antifungal and antibacterial properties
5. Respiration, tears, saliva: have lysozymes that attack the cell walls of certain bacteria and produce a mild antiseptic effect |
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Term
| What are some reflex barriers? |
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Definition
1. Coughing
2. Sneezing
3. Vomiting
4. Diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutrophils and macrophages eat the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme system such as lysozymes in WBC's |
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Term
| What is antitoxin production? |
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Definition
| It's an antibody formed to fight a specific toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of protein produced by cells exposed to a virus, bacteria, antigents, and having the ability to inhibit viral replication and having other immune functions |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a rise in body temperature above normal in response to disease typically caused by infectious diseases which may inhibit growth of virus or bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| A fever-causing substance from the infectious agent or from host body cells |
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Term
| What is the dangerous temperature level? |
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Definition
| 106 degrees F in small animals |
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Term
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
ALSO
State the Latin Name |
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Definition
Heat------- Calor
Redness----Rubor
Swelling----Tumor
Pain---------Dolor
Loss of Function |
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Term
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Definition
| Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels due to fluid leakage from blood and increased local temperature is expected; pain is caused from the swelling migrations of WBC's through vessel walls |
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