cause congenital rubella syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram (+) cocci, golden clusters, coagulase positive

Pimples, boils, carbuncles from coagulase, to lance boil- flush with hydrogen peroxide or alcohol

Growing antibiotic resistance, MRSA, VISA, VRSA

Scalded Skin Syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

Red rash, sand paper texture, fever, Ig blisters, skin peeling

Person to person, by strains producing exotoxin

Staphylococcus aureus

Sudden fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, drop in blood pressure

TSST-1 toxins, superantigens- overproduction of cytokines

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii

Obligate intracellular, gram (-) coccobacilli

Headache, muscle and joint pain, moderate to high fever from IL-1, destroys infected endothelial cells

DIC from extremeties to trunk

spread by wood ticks

antibiotics- tetracycline, chloramphenicol

Borrelia burgdorferi, spirochete- no gram stain

Phase 1- bullseye rash

Phase 2- CNS impaired- dizzyness, FACE PARALYSIS

Phase 3- joint pain, arthritis from antibodies

spread by deer tick

vaccine fails 1 in 5, TAKE ANTIBIOTICS as early as possible

Varicella-zoster virus

Herpesvirus- DNA for life

itchy bumps and blisters on face- NO FEVER

older people can get pneumonia

latent in ganglia- shingles when reactivated

spread by respiratory droplets

there is a vaccine- mainly to prevent from shingles

severe complication of infection that causes fever

moral: DONT TAKE ASPIRIN

leads to liver and brain damage

Rubeola virus

RNA virus, surface antigens H and M, upper resp epithelium

rash forehead to trunk and extremeties

Koplik's spots in oral mucosa

contagious prior to symptons, spread by resp droplets

MMR vaccine

Rubella virus

RNA virus that doesnt mutate

milder than rubeola, often undetected

TORCH in first trimester

spread by resp droplets

MMR vaccine

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram (+) cocci, beta-hemolytic

Group A strep, 80 strains based on M proteins

inhibit C3b- opsonization

local inflammation, fever, tonsilitis, pharyngitis,

sequelae- heart valve damage from antibodies,

acute glomerulonephritis: inflammation in kidneys

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Gram (+) rod, chinese letter, aerobic, nonmotile

moved by bacteriophage, diptheriae A-B toxin

sore throat, pseudomembrane in back of throat

toxin absorbed into lymph node channels- tissue damage

spread by resp droplets

DPT vaccine- prevent toxin from binding

Adenovirus

45 different types

fever, sore throat, cough, swollen lymphnodes, pus on tonsils, conjuntivitis, self limiting, COULD progress to pneumonia

spread by resp droplets, crowded groups

DONT take aspirin, DONT take antibiotics

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram (+) diplococcus, 80 strains based on capsules

produce lobular pneumonia

chills, fever, chest pain, hard to breathe, rust colored blood sputum

spread by resp droplets

treat with penicillin

Conjugated vaccine from 23 capsules for T-dependent memory

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Gram (-) rod, resistance spread by transposons

chills, high fever, chest pain, capsule

release endotoxin- tissue damage and lung abscesses, endotoxic shock

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

no cell wall, fried egg morphology

causes walking pneumonia, 2-3 week incubation

spread by close contact

antibiotics must target 70s ribosome bc no cell wall

Bordetella pertussis

gram (-) aerobic rod, capsule, fimbriae

Pertussis toxin- binds epithel cells, lower phagocyte and NK ability

Tracheal cytotoxin- kills ciliated tracheal cells

stage 1- colonization of epithelial cells, toxin

stage 2- paroxymal stage- mucous accumulates, prolonged cough, inspiratory gasp WHOOP, bacteria no longer present , DPT vaccine

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

obligate anaerobe bacilli, waxy lipids on cell wall resistant to phagocytes

can reproduce in macrophages

Stage 1- infection, multiply in macrophages, caseous center, bacteria may remain

Stage 2- caseous center enlarges and bacteria reproduce, tubercole ruptures releasing bacilli, infectious cough results

attenuated bovine vaccine, take antibiotics

Influenzavirus

segmented RNA virus, H and N spikes

headache, muscle ache, fever, dry cough, fatigue, weakness

spread by resp droplets,

IgA best prevention, LAIV flu mist being looked at

annual vaccine, takes a year to make, look for changes

antibiotics not effective

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

respiratory disease in infants, may cause pneumonia in very old

cough, wheezing, hard to breathe,

spread by resp droplets

dont need antibiotics

blue baby

Peptic Ulcers

Helicobacter pylori

Gram (-) spiral, polar flagella, can neutralize pH around it

urease protects from stomach, can penetrate mucous layer of stomach, destroy stomach epith with inflammatory response, localized ab pain with bleeding- ulcers and cancer

fecal/oral

Mumps virus

single antigenic RNA virus

inflammation and swelling of parotid glands, fever

orchitis- swelling of testicles, ovary inflammation

contagious before symptoms by respiratory droplets

MMR vaccine

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram (+) cocci, golden, coagulase (+)

intoxication

bacteria cant survive stomach but toxin can (heat stable)

triggers brain vomiting reflex, ab cramps, diarrhea

Vibrio Cholera

Gram (-) comma shaped, rod, high ID50 to survive stomach, pili, A-B toxin, cholera toxin- water and electrolyte secretion

"rice water stools"

severe loss of fluids, blood can be too viscous for organs to function

fluid and electrolyte replacement

there is a vaccine

Gram (-) rods, facultative anaerobes, need plasmid for entry to cells

Sonnei- mild diarrhea, fever, travelers diarrhea, self-limiting

Dysenteriae- Shiga-like A B toxin forms mucosal abscesses, severe diarrhea with blood and mucous, fever, cramps

fecal/oral

antibiotic therapy with oral rehydration

E. Coli

Enterotoxigenic

E. Coli

gram (-) facultative anaerobe, normal gut flora,

main cause of traveler's diarrhea

fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea, toxin similar to cholera toxin encoded on plasmid- through conjugation

fecal/oral

Salmonella enterica

gram (-) facultative anaerobe, reproduces in intestinal epithelial cells

low fever with cramps,  nausea, diarrhea, cramps, poultry contamination

fecal/oral

oral rehydration

Salmonella Typhi

gram (-) facultative anaerobe

headache, high fever, diarrhea, survive in macrophages

1-3% chronic carriers in gall bladder

fecal/oral

need antibiotics

Campylobacter jejuni

gram(-), S shaped, leading cause of foodborne illnesses

fever, cramping, ab pain, self-limiting,

Guillian-Barr syndrome- temporary paralysis from autoimmune disease bc epitope resembles nervous tissue

Rotavirus

RNA virus

viral gastroenteritis in children, vomiting, slight cramps, slight fever, diarrhea

fecal/oral

handwashing, fluid replacement

Norwalk agent

virus

vomiting, abdominal cramps, slight fever, diarrhea, 1-2 days

cruise ship

fecal/oral

handwashing

Hepatitis A

HAV virus

RNA virus, one serotype

very mild, self-limiting, ~2 months

inflammation of liver, fatigue, fever, nausea, ab pain, dark urine, clay feces, jaundice

fecal/oral

vaccine recommended for going to 3rd world country

HBV Virus

DNA virus, doesnt mutate

chronic carriers mostly likely to have liver cirrhosis and liver cancer

blood/sexual contact

vaccine

HCV virus

RNA virus, mutates

acute infection, leads to liver damage and cancer, milder symptoms, majority become chronic carriers

IV/drug use

no vaccine

Epstein-Barr Virus

herpes virus, DNA for life

produces virons, causes production of heterophile antibodies, more severe in adults, swollen lymphnodes in neck, enlarged spleen could rupture, general weakness from interferon

"kissing disease"

self-limiting

Epstein-Barr Virus

herpesvirus, DNA for life

primarily in people with malaria

malaria downregulates the immune system allowing cancers to develop

Cytomegalovirus

herpesvirus, DNA for life, lowers CD4 count

mononucleosis-like in young adults

problematic in immunosuppressed

TORCH

*Plasmodium vivax

complex life cycle, migrates and multiples in liver

infects RBCs- Ring Stage

multiples in RBCs- burst and release more progeny

fever and chills, vomiting

Anopheles mosquito- feeds at night

Toxoplama gondii

obligate intracellular, parasite

sexual phase in intestine, infects heart brain and muscles

chronic phase- slowly reproduce in cysts walled off by immune

mild, severe in immunocompromised

cats reservoir

TORCH

Septic shock

Gram negative organisms

mostly immunocompromised

usually from nosocomial infections

Yersinia pestis

Gram (-) rod

infects and blocks fleas digestive tract- eat more and regurgitate

plasmids encode for antiphagocytic, capsule, enzymes, complement resistance, iron binding factors

bubonic- lymphnodes, septicemic- blood, pneumonic- lungs

fever, DIC, bloody sputum

treat with tetracycline

Staphylococcus aureus

can bind to wound surfaces

binds to sutures to prevent healing, can bind to stitches

S. pyogenes

flesh-eating

this strain has 2 endotoxins

superantigen and protease- breaks down protein to destroy tissue

fever, confusion, tense and discolored skin from swelling

breakdown of tissue and muscle, shock

remove tissue surgically, amputation, no reponse to antibiotics

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Meningitis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

gram (+) diplococci, capsue, 30% of bacterial meningitis

blood-brain barrier inhibits inflammatory response

may result as sequelae of pneumonia

vaccine- t dependent response for long lasting antibodies to capsules

Neisseria meningitides

Gram (-) diplococci, endotoxin, pili

small % develop meningitis

throat infetion-> DIC-> bloodstream

septicemia

mental retardation, hearing loss, loss of limbs

vaccine recommended for college freshmen

Haemophilus influenza

gram (+), normal throat flora, capsule

used to be primary cause of meningitis

Hib vaccine for strain B

Streptococcus Agalactiae

Gram (+), group B strep, common in vaginal flora

primary cause of meningitis in newborns

antibiotic treatment before birth

Listeria monoctyogenes

gram (+) mobil rod, foodborne, grows in cold temps, reproduces in macrophages

targets immonucompromised

older- septicemia and meningitis

pregnant- still births

in slaw, uncooked hotdogs, dairy

Clostridium teteni

gram (+) rod, endospore forming, neurotoxin encoded by plasmid

enters CNS via peripheral nerves

from deep penetrating wounds

no inflammation, toxin blocks nerve impulse to relax, progressive paralysis, lockjaw, muscles tense

toxoid vaccine

Clostridium botulinum

Gram (+) endospore forming, obligate anaerobe

disease caused by TOXIN, most lethal of all toxins

toxin targets nerves and blocks neurotransmitters- paralysis and death

spore cant survive gut but toxin can

toxin killed by heating

antibiotics not helpful

Aseptic meningitis

caused by enteroviruses

mild disease, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, fever, white cells in CNS

fecal/oral

handwashing

Rabies

Rabies virus

-replicates in muscle cells at point of transmission

- infects neuron to brain

-negri bodies in brain

-spreads to all parts of body

fever, head and muscle ache, fatigue

confusion, hallucination, increased salivation, fatal encephalitis

vaccine to stop transmission

E. coli

have pili for motility

abrupt burning pain during urination, urgent sense to pee, cloudy urine

short urethra, sexual intercourse, diaphragm usage

increase fluid intake, pee after intercourse

cranberry juice- has protein that looks like pili on bacteria that binds instead of bladder

Candida albicans

normal flora in vagina, overgrows with antibiotic use

symptoms from inflammatory response

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gram (-) diplococci, found in leukocytes in urethral pus, pili- antigenic variation

urethra infection

males- drip, scarring, self-limiting

females- PID, scarring

most prevalent

antibitotic resistance

Chlamydia trachomatis

obligate intracellular

elementary body- infectious, attaches

reticulate body- not infectious, replicates

sexually transmitted, trachoma, males- mimics gonorrhea

females- usually asymp, may cause sterility, painful urination

nonchlorinated pools... tetracycline, eryhromycin and azythromycin

Treponema pallidum

spirochete

primary- pimple or small lesion, infectious

secondary- spread, immune complexes, lesions on skin and mucous

tertiary- not infectious, hypersen, lesions

TORCH

sex, kissing... treat with penicillin

Herpes Simplex Virus I

DNA virus

infection of mouth tissue

cold sores, fever blisters

virus latent in trigeminal nerve, sheds after lesion

Herpes Simplex Virus II

DNA virus for life

painful urination, genital irritation, fluid-filled vesicles, virus hids in nerves

sex- have C section

TORCH

treated but not cured

HPV

Human Papaloma Virus

causative agent of all warts

grows in mucous membranes, 16 and 18- cervical cancer

sex, single exposure infects 60% of time

vaccine stops primary causes- 16 and 18

Trichomonas vaginalis

protozoan lacking mitochondria- uses H2 for energy

yellowish-green discharge smells bad

itching of vagina and inner thighs

males are asymptomatic

STD, moist bath towel, bath tub

growing resistance to anti-protozoan drugs

E. coli

Enterohemorrhagic

gram (-) facultative anaerobe

 0157:H7, meat processing, A-B toxin, inflammation of colon, bleeding, kidney failure, lower ID50

fecal/oral