Term
| What are the three domains of organisms? |
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Definition
1-Bacteria
*cell walls & peptidoglycan
2-Archaea
*cell walls and lack peptidoglycan
3-Eukarya
* plants, protists, fungi, plants, animals |
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Term
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Definition
- first to observe cells
- called them little boxes and coined the term cells |
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Term
| What did Van Leeuwenhoek discover? |
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Definition
| was the first to observe microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| - disproved spontaneous generation theory by using meat cube experiment |
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Term
| What did Lady Montagu discover? |
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Definition
| brought variolation to England and promoted it |
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Term
| What did Jenner discover? |
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Definition
| -demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity from smallpox |
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Term
| what did Erlich discover? |
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Definition
| introduced arsenic-containing chemical treatment for Syphillis |
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Term
| What did Flemming discover? |
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Definition
| -observed that the fungus penicillium inhibited bacterial growth widespread penicillin becan in the 1940's |
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Term
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Definition
| -disocvered additional antibiotics prodced by a soil bacterium |
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Term
| What did Pasteur discover? |
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Definition
-found that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera, coined the term Vaccine
-developed rabies vaccine
-disproved spontaneous generation theory with his special flask |
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Term
| What did Spallanzani discover? |
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Definition
| -repeated Needhams experiment to show that organisms entered the broth from the air |
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Term
| What did Needham discover? |
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Definition
| - claimed that microbes could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth |
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Term
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Definition
| -showed causal relationship between microbs and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| -proved that microorganisms caused disease - Kochs postulate- |
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Term
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Definition
| - he used disinfectants to clean surgical dressings for infection control on humans? |
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Term
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Definition
| - introduced the concept of biogensis, living cells can arise only from preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| # of Protons + # Neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons in the nucleus ; atoms with the same atomic number are the same element |
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Term
What is a Covalent bond? Ionic bond? Hydrogen bond?
Which are the strongest? |
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Definition
(Strongest)
Covalent - atoms share a pair of electrons
Ionic- ions are attracted by their opposite charges
Hydrogen- hydrogen atom is covalenty bonded to an O or an N
(weakest) |
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Term
| What are the three different chemical reactions? Explain them! |
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Definition
(1) Synthesis Reations
A + B --> AB
(2) Decomposition Ractions
AB--> A + B
(3)Exchange Reaction
AB + CD --> AD + BC |
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Term
| Define Endergonic and Exergonic reaction |
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Definition
Endergonic- reaction that requires energy
Exergonic- reaction that releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
Acids - dissociate into whater into H+ ions and anions(Negative)
Base- dissociate into Oh- ions and cations (Cats have paws so its Paws-itive)
pH = concentration of H= ions in a colution ( pH 7 = neutral and less than 7 is acidid. More than 7 is basic) |
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Term
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Definition
-Consists of C,H,O, with an HO ration of 2:1
-used to store and release energy |
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Term
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Definition
-consist of C,H,O,N
- linked together via dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds and peptide chains
- |
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Term
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Definition
- nucleotides composed of repeating nucleotides
nucleotides are composed of 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
-insoluable in water
-simple fats are one glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids
-saturated has no double bonds (cis)
-unsaturated has a double bond ( trans) |
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Term
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Definition
- DNA not enclosed within a membrance
-lack membrane enclosed organelles
-cell walls contain peptidlogycan
-divide by binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
- DNA found in nucleus
- DNA in multiple chromosomes
- posses membrane enclosed organells
- Cell wall does not contain peptidglycan
- usually divides by mitosis |
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Term
| Describe the difference between Gram positive and gram negative! |
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Definition
- gram positive: thick peptiglycan wall ( purple)
- gramnegative - thin peptiglycan wall (pink) |
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Term
| Describe Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic |
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Definition
hypertonic- water moves out of cell
hypotonic- water moves into cell
isotonic -no net movement of water |
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Term
| What is the Endosymbiotic theory? |
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Definition
| that eukaryotic cells evolved form symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - sum of all the chemical reactions within a living cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of comples compounds into simpler ones, usually releasing energy |
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Term
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Definition
| -building of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy |
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Term
| Mechanism of Enzyme action? |
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Definition
| -enzyme and substrate combine, and then substrate is transformed and the enzyme is recovered and unchanged |
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Term
| What are the components of an Enzyme? |
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Definition
-cofactor: a nonprotien components, usually metal ions
-coenzyme: complex organic molecule that activates the apoenzyme |
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Term
| What are the three stages of an Enzyme? |
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Definition
1) Apoenzyme - inactive protein
2) Coenzyme - cofactor + coenzyme
3) Holoenzyme - whole enzyme complex |
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Term
| what is Substrate Level Phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| -high energy phosphate directly transfered from substrate to ADP |
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Term
| What is Oxidative-phosphorlation? |
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Definition
| elections transferred from organic compounds to a series of electron carriers, energy released during electron transfer is captured in ATP |
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Term
| What is Photophosphorylation? |
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Definition
| during photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP |
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Term
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Definition
-is the oxidation of glucose
-ends with 2 pyruvic acid molecules
-for each GLU molecule, 2 ATP and @ NADH molecules are produced |
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Term
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Definition
-Pyruvic acid from Glysolysis is broken down to CO2 with production of ATP and reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2)
-each GLU molecule yields 8 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP and 6 CO2 |
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Term
| what is Aerobic Respiration? |
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Definition
| - the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen |
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Term
| What is Anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| - the final electron acceptor in the election transport chain is not )2, yields less energy that aerobic repiration because the only part of the krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
-releases energy from oxygen
-does not require oxygen
-does not use the krebs cycle or ETC
-uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
-conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy which is used to fix carbon in glucose
6CO2 + 12h20 + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
- |
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Term
| What are the two components of Photosnthesis? |
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Definition
1- conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in ATP
2- Fixing carbon into organic molecules; light independent reactions (Calvin-Benson Cycle) |
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Term
| What is Cyclic? and what is Noncyclic? |
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Definition
cylic- electrons return to chorophyll
Noncylclic - electrons are used to reduce NADP |
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Term
| What is a Photoautotroph? |
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Definition
| -it obtains energy by photophosphorylation and makes glucose by fixing carbon from CO2 |
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Term
| What is a Chemoautotrophs? |
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Definition
| - obtain energy from inorganic molecules and CO2 as their carbon source |
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Term
| What is a Chemohetertroph? |
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Definition
-uses organic molecules for energy and carbon.
-use organic compounds as a source of both carbon and energy
-oxidize organic compounds to generate ATP
-are ultimately dependent on autotrophs to procide their carbon and energy |
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Term
Define the ideal environment for each:
-Psychrotrophs
-Mesophiles
-Thermophiles
-Hyperthermophiles |
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Definition
Psych - low temps
MESO - Middle temps
Thermo = hot temps
Hyper - extreme hot temps |
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Term
| What does an Acidophiles prefer to live in? |
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Definition
| -an acidic environment WOW! Hence "acid" in the name duhh |
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Term
| What kind of environment do halophiles prefer to live in? |
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Definition
| -high osmotic pressure environments |
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Term
| Describe an Obligate aerobe? |
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Definition
-requires molecular oxygen.
-if inoculated in a tube all the bacteria will be at the top |
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Term
| Describe Facilitative anaerobe? |
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Definition
- uses oxugen when it is present, but can switch to anaerobic metabolism without it
-if inoculated into a tube will be evenly dispersed throughout |
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Term
| Describe an Obligate anaerobe! |
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Definition
-cannot used O2 for energyyielding reactions, most killed by O2 presence
-if inoculated into a tube will all be at the bottom |
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Term
| Describe aerotolerant anaerobe! |
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Definition
| - cannot use O2 for growth but can tolerate it -when inoculated into a tube will be dispersed evenly |
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Term
| Describe a Microaerophile! |
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Definition
- are aerobic (require O2) but only grow in low O2 concentrations
- will be in the middle of the tube |
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Term
| What are superoxide free radicals? |
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Definition
O2* are formed in small amounts during normal aerobic respiration, highly toxic and unstable
- can be destroyed by SOD
- SOD turns it into hydrogen peroxide
- hydrogen peroxide is converted into water using catalase |
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Term
| What environment does a capnophile prefer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four stages of the bacterial growth curve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Commercial Sterilization: |
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Definition
| destruction of all forms of micribial life, including endospores |
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Term
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Definition
| sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of clostridium botulinum in canned food |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of vegetative pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of microbial contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of significant microbial contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of vegetative pathogens in living tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around an injection site |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public heath levels |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibiting, not killing microbes |
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Term
| What is Thermal Death Point (TDP)? |
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Definition
| lowest temp at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10mins |
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Term
| What is Thermal Death Time? (TDT) |
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Definition
| the time to kill all cells in a culture |
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Term
| What is Decimal reduction time (DRT)? |
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Definition
| minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temp |
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Term
| How do Phenols act as a disinfectant? |
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Definition
| they disrupt the plasma membranes, and denature enzymes |
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Term
| How does Alcohol work as a disinfectant? |
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Definition
| - protein denaturation, dissolves lipid membranes |
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Term
| How do Halogens act as a disinfectant? |
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Definition
-strong oxidizing agent
-inhibits protein function |
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Term
| How does Cationic detergents act as a disinfectant? |
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Definition
enzyme inhibition
membrane disruption |
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Term
| How do Heavy metals act as a disinfectant? |
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Definition
| denature enzymes and other proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| - an organisms genetic makeup, its collection of genes and entire DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| -The actual, expressed properties of an organism, the manifestation of genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of a complementary strand of messenger RNA from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of a protein by decoding mRNA to yield a specific amino acid sequence; occurs on ribosomes |
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Term
| What is a Codon? An Anticodon? |
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Definition
codon- a group of three nucleotides in the mRNA molecule which codes for a particular amino acid
anticodon- a sequence of three nucleotides on transfer RNA that are complementary to a codon |
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Term
| What is a sense codon? a nonsense codon? |
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Definition
sense codon- codes for amino acids according to the genetic code
nonsense codon- also called stop codon, does not code for an amino acid, it terminates protien synthesis |
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Term
| what is a Base Substitution mutation |
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Definition
| a single base at one point in DNA is replaced with a different base |
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Term
What is a missense mutation?
how about a nonsense mutation? |
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Definition
missense mutation - a base substitution results in a wrong amino csid in the synthesized protein
nonsense mutation - a base substitution results in a nonsense codon which prematurelu stops protein synthesis |
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Term
| What is a frameshift mutation? |
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Definition
| - nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA changing that translational reading frame it the 3 base codons recognized during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| - it is an agent that directly or indirectly brings about mutations. Almost any agent that can chemically or physically react with DNA |
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Term
| What is Vertical gene transfer? Horizontal gene transfer? GENETIC RECOMBINATION? |
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Definition
VERTICAL - transfer of gees between generations of cells; ie to its offspring
HORIZONTAL - transfer of genes between cells of the same generations (ie transformation, conjugation, transduction, plasmids)
GENETIC RECOMBINATION - rearrangement of genes from separate groups of genes, usually from different organisms, contributes to genetic diversity |
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Term
| What is the PCR? What does it test for? |
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Definition
-amplifies DNA samples
-allows direct identification of DNA/RNA for microbes
-can sense one copy of target DNA/RNA in a sample
-is highly specific for target DNA sequences in microbes of interest |
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Term
| 1 single bacteria divides using binary fission every 20 minutes, how many bacteria will be present after 3 hours? |
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Definition
1*2^9=512
3 hours = 180 minutes
20/180 =9 divisions |
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Term
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Definition
When genetic material in transferred
- mediated by plasmids
- requires cell to cell contact (sex pili)
- Donor cells can transfer chromosomal/plasmid DNA to a recipient
-donor cells transfer chromosomal or plasmid DNA to a recipient |
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Term
| What is Generalized Transduction? |
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Definition
1- Viral DNA infects a donor bacterial cell
2- phage DNA and protiens are made
3- DNA is packaged in another phage and cell lyses and releases phage particles
*any bacterial Gene can be transfered this way |
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Term
| What are the steps in the lytic cycle in a bacterial cell? |
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Definition
Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Release |
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Term
| What are the steps in the lytic cycle in an Animal? |
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Definition
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
biosynthesis
maturation
release |
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Term
| Describe specialized transduction |
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Definition
1- prophage exits cells
2- prophage infects new cell
3- genes from prophage become incorporated into hosts DNA
"adjacent"gene shift and only for specific genes |
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Term
| What is a Plasmid? And what is it involved in? |
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Definition
Plasmid - a circular piece of DNA that replicated independently, carries non essential genes and involved in conjugation
-three types: conjunctive plasmids, dissimilation plasmids and R factors |
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Term
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Definition
-small segements of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another
-Contain insertion sequences for cuting/resealing DNA
-rarely occurs
-babs mcclintock disocvered |
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Term
| What is a retrovirus? give an example! |
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Definition
-when viral RNA is transcribed to DNA which can integrate into host DNA
-can integrate into host cell chromosome a an RNA provirus
-may reside indefinently inside host cell DNA
- Integrates into host chromosome as a DNA provirus
-can reside indef withon the host
-ex: HIV |
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Term
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Definition
- can only carry 1 specific amino acid
-interacts with ribosomes and mRNA during translation
-tRNA carries amino acid for addition to the growing protein chain
-carries the anticodons that pair with codons on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
-infectious proiens
-inherited and tranmissible
-cause fatal brain disease in animals
-can cause a change in normal cell protiens
-have no DNA or RNA |
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Term
| What is the lytic cycle? the Lysogenic cycle? What is the difference between the two? |
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Definition
lytic - phage causes lysis and death of host cell
lysogenic - prophage DNA is incorporated in host DNA
difference? in the lytic cycle the host dies, whereas in the lysogenic cycle the host remains alive |
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Term
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Definition
- can have DNA or RNA but not both
-they can not be grown on artificial media
--have a narrow host range |
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Term
| Describe Persistent viral infections |
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Definition
-the disease process occurs over a long period of time, generally fatal
-continuous low-level viral shedding for months or years |
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Term
| describe latent viral infections |
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Definition
-virus remains asymptomatic in host for long periods of time
-will always remain within the host but will not cause damage until it is activated by a stimulus |
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Term
| Define "dark reaction" photosynthesis |
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Definition
-glucose is made using carbon atoms from carbon dioxide
-does not require light
-utilizes ATP and NADPH generated in the light reaction
-makes glucose from water and carbon dioxide using energy trapped by the light-depends reaction |
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