Term
Define Spontaneous Generation |
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Definition
The theory that organisms arise spontaneously from non-living material |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Hooke? |
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Definition
Hooke saw microobes in 1665 |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Leeuwenhoek? |
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Definition
Leeuwekhoek saw bread mould in 1674 |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Pasteur? |
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Definition
Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation in 1861 |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Tyndall? |
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Definition
Tyndall discovered endospores in the 1860's. |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Jenner? |
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Definition
Developed smallpox vaccine in 1796 |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Koch? |
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Definition
Developed protocols for handling bacteria in lab, established rules to be used to determine causative agent of disease (Koch’s Postulates) in the 1800s |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Ehrlich? |
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Definition
Started chemotherapy to treat diseases in the 1900s |
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Term
What is the scientific contribution of Fleming? |
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Definition
Discovered Penicillin in the 1900s |
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Term
How do the three Domains differ in size? |
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Definition
Bacteria (0.3-2µm) Archaea (0.3-2µm) Eucarya (5-50µm) |
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Term
Which domains have nuclear membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
Which domains have peptides in the cell wall? |
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Definition
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Term
Which domains have membranous organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
Which domains are prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Single celled organism with no membrane bound nucleus or lipid bound organelles with DNA in a nucleoid |
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Term
List the organization of biological hierarchy, from greatest to least specificity |
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Definition
DKPCOFGS (Don’t Kick Police Cars, Otherwise Fools Get Shot) - Domain Kingdom Phylum Chordata Order Family Genus Species |
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Term
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Definition
Diverse single and multi celled organisms that have chloroplasts, undergo photosynthesis, have flagella and are found primarily in water |
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Term
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Definition
Single and multi celled organisms that gain energy from degrading organic material and are found primarily on land |
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Term
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Definition
Single celled organisms with un-rigif cell walls that are found on both land and water and require organic compounds as food which they ingest as particles. |
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Term
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Definition
Nucelic acid with a protein coat, that can only multiply inside a host and is therefore an obligate intracellular parasite |
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Term
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Definition
An organism that consist of short RNA segment without a protein coat that can only multiply inside a host |
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Term
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Definition
An organism consisting of protein without nucelic acid |
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Term
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Definition
A parasite such as round and tape worms |
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Term
How do viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in size? |
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Definition
Viruses (10nm-100nm) Prokaryotes (100nm-1000nm) Eukaryotes (10m-10mm) |
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Term
What 6 elements make up 99.5% of living material by weight? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 or more atoms with a chemical bond |
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Term
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Definition
2 or more different elements bonded together |
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Term
How are ionic bonds created? |
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Definition
Two or more elements trade electrons, join as ions |
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Term
How do ionic bonds fare in water? |
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Definition
Break at room temperature, 100x weaker than covalent |
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Term
What defines an organic compound? |
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Definition
Covalent bonds with C and H |
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Term
How do Polar and Non-polar covalent bonds differ? |
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Definition
Polar have slight pos. and neg. charges (OH/NH/OC/NC) versus no charges (CC/CH/HH) |
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Term
How are Hydrogen bonds formed? How strong are they? |
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Definition
H+ attracted to negatively charged atom. Weak, constaltly breaking and forming at room temperature |
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Term
Why is water considered a universal solvent? |
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Definition
Dissolves polar compounds - splits them into ions (polar sides attract - ion, etc) |
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Term
What is the concentration of OH and H ions in solutions that are Basic, Acidic, and Neutral? |
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Definition
Basic (10[OH-], 10^14[H+]), Acidic (10^7[OH-], 10^7[H+]) , Neutral (10^14[OH-], 10^0[H+]) |
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Term
What is the function of proteins? |
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Definition
Catalyze enzyme reactions, determine structure/shape of ribosomes, take nutrients in/out of cell |
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Term
What is the general structure of an amino acid, and how many are there? |
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Definition
Amino + side chain + carboxyl. 20 different ones that differ by side chain |
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Term
How do hydrophobic and philic proteins differ? |
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Definition
Phobic - nonpolar, many CH3 groups. Philic - polar, few CH3 groups |
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Term
What is the function of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
Food, building block of DNA |
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Term
What is the ratio of CHO in carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two types of monosaccharides and how do they differ? |
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Definition
5-carbon (Deoxy/ribose), 6-carbon (gluocose, galactose, fructose) |
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Term
What are 2 examples of disaccarides? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 2 examples of polysaccarides? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Polymer containing 3-6 monosaccarides |
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Term
What is the structure of DNA |
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Definition
N-ring base (purine) with deoxy base and a phosphate backbone, wound around histones |
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Term
What is the structure of RNA |
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Definition
Single stranded DNA with ribose base and U instead of T |
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Term
Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
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Definition
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Term
How do simple lipids differ from carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
What are Fats composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
How can you determmine if a fat is a mono/di/triglyceride? |
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Definition
Count the number of fatty acid chains |
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Term
In what case is a simple lipid unsaturated? |
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Definition
Double bond s are present in a fatty acid chain (liquid at room temperature) |
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Term
What is the structure of compound lipids? |
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Definition
Fatty acids + glycerol + other |
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Term
What is the structure of Phospolipids? |
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Definition
Phosphate + fatty acid + glycerol |
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Term
What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
How does light go from the lamp to eyes in a light microscope? |
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Definition
Specimen, magnifying lens |
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Term
What Domains are viewable under a light microscope? |
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Definition
Eucarya and Bacteria - good for up to 10µm |
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Term
What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
What acellular organisms are viewable under an electron microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the TEM and SEM used for viewing in a cell? |
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Definition
TEM (internal cellular structures), SEM (surface structures) |
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Term
What is the purpose of an atomic force microscope? |
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Definition
View objects at the atomic level |
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Term
How are magnification and resolution different? Which would provide better resolution - an electron or light microscope? |
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Definition
Magnification is image enlargement, Resolution is the degree to which fine detail can be distinguished.
Light microscope will provide better resolution. |
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Term
How does a simple stain work? |
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Definition
Basic dye for color, negatively charged nucleic acids and proteins are stained with a positively charged dye |
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Term
What is a differential stain used for? |
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Definition
Distinguishing between bacterial groups |
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Term
What function does a gram stain serve? |
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Definition
Determine if a cell is gram + or -, which reflect differences in cell wall structure. 1st stain - Purple 2nd stain - Pink |
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Term
What genus would you be trying to detect by using an acid-fast stain? |
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Definition
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Term
Why is a capsule stain used? |
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Definition
Capsules don’t take up certain stains, this used to make capsules stand out against background |
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Term
Why is an endospore stain used? |
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Definition
Stains endospores, which do not stain easily |
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Term
Why is a flagella stain used? |
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Definition
Coats thin flagella, visible under light microscope |
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Term
What are the steps in a Gram stain? |
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Definition
Flood smear with primary stain, rince, flood with dilute iodine, rince, add 95% alcohol to decolor gram negative, counterstain added to stain gram negative |
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Term
What are the 4 bacterial shapes? |
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Definition
Cocci (spherical), Bactillus (columnar), Spiral, Pleomorphic (varying in shape) |
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Term
What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane? |
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Definition
Selectively permeable barrier made of phospholipids with embedded sterols and hopanoids. |
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Term
What is the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
Proteins are not static, dynamic nature means the cytoplasmic membrane is constantly changing and fluid |
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Term
What is the structure of peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
AA/sugar mesh with covalent bonds, alternating NAG/NAM sugar units cross linked to AA's |
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Term
Peptidoglycan, found only in the cell walls, is the target of... |
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Definition
Antibiotics and Lysosome (a product of the body) |
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Term
What is the structure and function of the membrane outsode of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram Negative bacteria? |
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Definition
Consists of LPS (endotoxin), phospholipids and proteins, plays a role in fever/inflammation |
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Term
How do capsule and slime layers differ? What is their function? |
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Definition
Gel like layers that function as protection/attachment. Capsule layer (distinct/gelatinous) Slime Layer (diffuse/irregular) Function in adhereing to surfaces are thwarting innate defense system |
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Term
What is the function of flagella? |
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Definition
Protein structure responsible for mobility, spin in propellar like fashion |
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Term
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Definition
Phenomenon where bacteria sense and move according to chemical attractants (cells move towards) or repellants (cells move away) |
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Term
What is the function of pili and how do they differ from flagella? |
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Definition
Attachment to surfaces/bacterial mating. Shorter/thinner than flagella and can't been seen under light microscope |
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Term
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Definition
Circular, supercoiled double stranded DNA that the cell does not actually need, but may provide an advantage (can encode enzymes that destroy antibiotics) |
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Term
How are bacterial ribosomes different from eukaryotic ones? Why is this useful? |
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Definition
Size/composition. Exploited for drug design |
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Term
What are storage granules? |
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Definition
Polymers of nutrients stored until required |
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Term
How are glucose, carbon and phosphate stored as granules? |
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Definition
Glycose (glycogen), Carbon (Poly-B-hydroxlbutrate), Phosphate (Volutin granules) |
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Term
What is an endospore and why is it advantageous? |
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Definition
A resistant form of life some bacteria (particularily Bactiuus/Clostridium) can differentiate to, advantageous as it allows cells to lie dormant until conditions improve |
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Term
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Definition
DNA surrounded by many levels of cytoplasmic membtrane/peptidoglycan. Can't reproduce or grow, will revert when conditions improve |
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Term
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Definition
Long hollow cylinder form mitotic spindle, make up cilia and flagella framework along which organelles move |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Describe intermediate filaments |
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Definition
Function like ropes, strengthening cell mechanically, enable cell to resist physical stresses |
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Term
How are flagella different/simmilar? |
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Definition
Protein appendages that appear to project out but are covered by cytoplasmic membrane extension, flagella give mobility, cilia help move material away/towards cell |
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Term
Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
Two lipid bilayer membranes, protein strucures (nuclear pores) |
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|
Term
Where is mRNA synthesized? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Describe the structure of the mitochondria membrane |
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Definition
Two lipid bilayer membranes (inner/outer), inner highly folded (cristae) to increase surface area, enclosed by inner is the matrix |
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|
Term
What is the stroma in chloroplasts analgous to in mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
Define generation/doubling time |
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Definition
The time for a population to double in number (generally bacteria) |
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Term
What do the variables in the function: Nt = N0 x 2n represent |
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Definition
N0 - original number of cells, Nt - number of cells at given time t, n - number of divisins during time t |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Define Aseptic techniques |
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Definition
procedures that minimize chance of organisms being introduced |
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Term
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Definition
Solidifying a liquid culture medium |
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Term
Describe the streak-plate method |
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Definition
Sterilized loop dipped in bacteria, and drawn across a plate three times at different angles to dilute the concentration of cells |
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Term
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Definition
A culture stored for later use |
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Term
Define a closed/batch culture |
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Definition
A culture in which nutrientsare not renewed and wastes are not removed |
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Term
Define an open/continuous culture |
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Definition
A culture in which nutrients are added and wastes removed regularily |
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Term
What are the phases in bacterial growth in a culture? |
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Definition
Lag, exponential (log), stationary, death, prolonged death (LESDP) |
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Term
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Definition
Bacterial culture diluted/transferred, cells not rapidly increasing for the moment (synthesizing macromolecules) |
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Term
Describe the exponential (log) phase |
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Definition
Cells divide at a constant rate, generation time measured, primary and secondary metabolites synthesized in early/late log phase. Endospores form in late log phase if possible |
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Term
Describe the stationary phase |
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Definition
No more energy or nutrients, number of cells constant because some die and release contents and are cannabalized |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease in number of viable cells, exponential but slower than growth |
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Term
Described the prolonged death phase |
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Definition
99% dead, days to years, cannibalizing continues, survival of the fittest |
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Term
Define optimum growth temperature |
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Definition
Temperature at which growth is fastest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
OGT 20-30, cause food spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
OGT 35-40, found in human body - most common pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
OGT 45-70, hot springs/compost/water heaters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Absolute oxygen requirements |
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Term
Define obligate anaerobes |
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Definition
Capable of growth in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
Define facultative anaerobes |
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Definition
Growth better with oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Small oxygen requirements, more inhibitory |
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Term
Define aerotolerant anaerobes |
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Definition
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|
Term
Why do all cells attempt tp maintain a cytoplasmic pH near 7? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Prefer pH 8.5 or higher (exchange internal Na ions for internal protons) |
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Term
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Definition
Solute concentration higher out of cell - cell dehydrates |
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Term
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Definition
Tolerate high salt concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
Require high salt concentrations |
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Term
What is the function of the cell wall in maintaining water homeostasis? |
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Definition
Enables bacteria to survive hypotonic enviornment while preventing osomtic lysis |
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Term
How do cells prevent plasmolysis |
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Definition
Increase internal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Use energy from oxidizing chemical compounds |
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Term
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Definition
Contains variety of ingredients |
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Term
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Definition
Contains precise amounts of pure chemicals |
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|
Term
Define differential media |
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Definition
Contains substances that bacteria change in a recognizable way |
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Term
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Definition
Includes total number of cells (living and dead) |
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Term
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Definition
Includes viable cells, 24 hour incubation required |
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Term
Describe the process of doing a plate count |
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Definition
Sample diluted in 10 fold increments, 0.1-1mL transferred to sterile petri dish, mixed with agar, when agar hardens - plate incubated and colonies farm (multiple layers) |
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Term
Describe the process of doing a spread plate |
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Definition
Plate count where 0.1-0.2 mL dilution spread on hard agar plate with sterile glass rod, after incubation colonies form on surface (1 layer) |
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Term
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Definition
Process of destroying all micro-organisms/viruses through physical/chemical means |
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Term
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Definition
Process that eliminates most/all pathogens in the material |
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Term
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Definition
Disinfectant non-toxic enough to be used on skin |
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Term
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Definition
Process that substantially reduces microbe population to meet health standards |
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Term
Does Pasteurization sterilize? |
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Definition
No, pasteurization reduces the number of organisms |
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Term
What is the HTST form of Pasteurization? |
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Definition
High temperature, low time - 72 degrees for 15 seconds |
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|
Term
What is the UHT form of Pasteurization? |
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Definition
Ultra high temperature (sterilizes) 140 degreece for 12 seconds |
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Term
What does an autoclave do? |
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Definition
Sanitizes and kills endospores - pressurized steam at 121 degrees at 15 psi for 15 minutes |
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Term
How does canning work, and what is the process for home and commercial canning? |
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Definition
Moist heat/Anaerobic Chamber. Home (115 @15 min) Commercial (121 @ 2.5 min) |
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Term
What do drying ovens do? Give an example of something sterilized by drying ovens |
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Definition
Oxidize cell components, denatures proteins, high temp/time required versus moist heat. Lab glassware (160@2-3 hours) |
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Term
Give some examples of physical methods of destroying organisms |
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Definition
Steriliants, high/intermediate/low level disinfectants |
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Term
Define steriliants and provide an example item that would require their use |
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Definition
Destroy all microbes (including endospores and viruses), 6-10 hours, used on scalpels |
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Term
Define High Level Disinfectants and provide an example item that would require their use |
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Definition
All viruses and vegetative organisms (not endospores), sterilants used for 30 minutes. Used on gastrointestinal endoscopes. |
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Term
Define Intermediate Level Disinfectants and provide an example item that would require their use |
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Definition
Destroy vegetative bacteria, most viruses (not endospores). Used on stethoscopes |
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Term
Define Low Level Disinfectants and provide an example item that would require their use |
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Definition
Destroys fungi, vegetative bacteria, enveloped viruses |
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Term
What are some considerations to take into account when selecting a disinfectant? |
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Definition
toxicity, activity in presence of organic matter, compatibility, residue, enviornmental risk, cost/availbility, storage/stability |
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|
Term
How do Alcohols work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Damage membrane lipids. Effective Against: VB/F (~E/V). Example: Ethanol/Isopropanol Alcohol |
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Term
How do Aldehydes work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Sterilants, inactivate proteins/nuc acids. Effective Against: M/V. Example: 2% Glutaradehyde |
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Term
How do Biguanides work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Disruput cell membranes. Effective Against: VB/F, some V. Example: Chlorohexadine |
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Term
How do Volatile Chemicals work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Gas sterilants for large items, damage proteins. Effective Against: M/V. Example: Ethylene Oxide |
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Term
How do Halogens work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Disinfectant, oxidize proteins/cellular components. Effective Against: M/V. Example: Cl, Bleach, Iodine |
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Term
How do Metal Compounds work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Affect protein function, toxic to humans in effective concentrations. Effective Against: M/V. Example: Silver Nitrate, Mercury, Zinc |
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Term
How do Oxidizing Agents work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Oxidize cell components. Effective Against: Anaerobic Organisms. Example: Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide |
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|
Term
How do Phenals work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Destroy Cytoplasmic Membrane, denature proteins, disinfectant. Effective Against: Most VB. Example: Lysol, mouthwash, cleaning up blood on hospital floor |
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Term
How do QUATS work? What are they effective against, and provide an example |
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Definition
Detergent, destroy Cytoplasmic Membrane and denature proteins. Effective Against: VB, some V. Example: Detergents |
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Term
Name some methods of preserving perishable products |
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Definition
Low temperature (enzyme reactions slowed), addition of salt/sugar (dehydrate cells), dessication (remove water), lycophilization (freeze dry) |
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|
Term
How does anabolic metabolism work? What does it require? |
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Definition
Builds larger molecules from smaller ones (biosynthesis). Requires: energy source, B12, biotin, folic acid, Vitamin E |
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|
Term
What is anabolic metabolism required for? |
|
Definition
Replicating working molecules in cell, growth/division, secretion of cell products |
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|
Term
Explain how anabolic/catabolic pathways and ATP/ADP fit together to form a cycle |
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Definition
ADP is filled up with energy by enzymes in catabolic pathways to form ATP which is then broken down in anabolic pathways to form ADP |
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|
Term
What are the products and reactants of glycolysis? What is required for glycolysis? |
|
Definition
Reactants: glucose Product: Pyruvic Acid. Enzyme niacin required |
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|
Term
Bacterial break down pyruvic acid to _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
During fermentation, how many molecules (approx.) of ATP are gained for every glucose? Why is fermentation not efficient? |
|
Definition
36-38 Not efficient because it produces ATP only by glycolysis. |
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|
Term
Summarize what happens in the Kelvin/Citric Acid Cycle (KCAC) |
|
Definition
P.A. --> CO2, some ADP --> ATP. H atoms are provided for next step. Coenzyme NADH created via oxidization. Thiamine/riboflavin/niacin/pathothenic acid all essential |
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|
Term
What happens in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
ATP generated using oxygen (Aeroic respiration) |
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|
Term
Summarize the electron transport chain process |
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Definition
NADH transfer H to EXC ( e-/p+ to carrier proteins), E- transferred NADH->O2, E- carried along EXC by carrier proteins, p+ shuffled out of cell (proton gradient created), aerobic respiration (carrier protein transferes 2 protons to oxygen to form water), ATP synthase allows outside protons in (proton motive force creates some ATP) |
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|
Term
What do hydrolic enzymes do? |
|
Definition
Break bonds by adding water |
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|
Term
What do cellulases, amalayses and B-galactosidase digest? |
|
Definition
Cellulose, starches, lactose (glucose+ galactose) |
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|
Term
What are fatty acids digested by? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What breaks peptide bonds between amino acids? How are amino groups removed? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Complete set of genetic information for a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
functional unit of genome |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
study of function and transfer of genes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
study and analysis of nucleotide sequencing of DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
DNA duplication before cell division |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
interprets information carried by RNA to synthesize encoded protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
copies info in DNA to RNA |
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|
Term
What is the central theory of molecular biology |
|
Definition
flow of information from DNA->RNA->Proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
RNA genome that copies information in form of DNA |
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|
Term
DNA has a _' and _' end, the strands are ______. Seperating the strands is ____. |
|
Definition
3, 5, antiparallel, denaturing |
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|
Term
With regards to RNA, what is a "transcript"? |
|
Definition
A fragment of RNA synthesized from DNA |
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|
Term
What is the function of mRNA |
|
Definition
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|
Term
DNA replication is _____, as each of the 2 newly created DNA strands is half original and half new DNA |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What is the function of DNA Gyrase? |
|
Definition
temperature breaks DNA down |
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|
Term
What is the function of DNA Ligase? |
|
Definition
joins DNA, forms covalent bond between sugar and P of adjacent nucleotide |
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|
Term
What is the function of DNA Polymerase? |
|
Definition
synthesizes DNA helix ahead of replication fork |
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|
Term
What are Okazaki Fragments? |
|
Definition
nucleic acid fragments that are generated during the discontinuous replication of amino acids |
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Term
What is the origin of Replication? |
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Definition
region of DNA where replication begins |
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Term
What is the function of Primase? |
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Definition
synthesizes small RNA fragments to serve as primers for DNA synthesie |
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Term
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Definition
nucleic acid fragment to which DNA polymerase can add nucleotides |
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Term
What is the Negative (-) strand |
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Definition
DNA template strand, for RNA synthesis, RNA is complementary |
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Term
What is the Positive (+) strand |
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Definition
strand complementary to negative, RNA analogous |
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Term
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Definition
nucleotide sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription |
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Term
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Definition
component of RNA polymerase that recognizes promoter region |
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Term
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Definition
sequence of nucleotides to which ribosome bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Transcript carrying only one gene (poly=multiple) |
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Term
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Definition
RNA polymerase without a sigma factor |
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Term
What happens in termination? |
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Definition
Terminator encountered, ribosome falls off |
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Term
What happens during transcription initiation? |
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Definition
At start codon, initiation complex forms |
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Term
What happens during transcrption elongation? |
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Definition
Ribosome has 2 sites (P/A). Initiating tRNA binds to P, tRNA recognizing next codon binds to A, enzyme binds with peptide bond, translocates one codon, tRNA released through E (exit) site |
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Term
What happens during transcrption termination? |
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Definition
Stop codon encountered, enzymes called release factors free tRNA |
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Term
What are the function of chaperones? |
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Definition
Help fold protein into final shape |
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Term
How are proteins meant to travel outside the cell differentiated? |
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Definition
Signal sequences added at the ends (tagged for export) |
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Term
What are spontaneous mutations |
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Definition
Mutations that occur in a cells natural enviornment in an exteremely (1 in 10k to 1 in 1T) |
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Term
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Definition
The random reverseal of mutation (to a non mutated form) |
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Term
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Definition
Incorrect base incorporation into DNA |
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Term
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Definition
A base changes but due to degenerate gene code, new codon specifies same amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
New codon specifies new amino acid. Leaky - cell grows slowly, as encoded protein still partially works |
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Term
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Definition
New codon is stop, protein truncated |
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Term
Define null/knockout mutation |
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Definition
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Term
What is used to increase the frequency of base mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
Why is adding 1 or 2 bases worse than 3? |
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Definition
Frame shift mutation if 1 or 2 added/removed -- causes ALL following codons to be wrong |
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Term
Chemicals that affect _________ _______ in DNA will result in higher mutations |
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Definition
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Term
Define intercalcating agents |
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Definition
Mutagens that fit between N bases in DNA and distort the structure |
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Term
How do UV rays affect DNA? |
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Definition
Cause covalent bonds to form between adjacent thiamine bases (thiamine dimers) |
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Term
How do X rays affect DNA? |
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Definition
Cause single and double strands to break (lethal deletions) |
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Term
What keeps the mutation rate in DNA low, aside from a low frequency of occurance? |
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Definition
DNA repair (pre or post replication), if heavy damage SOS repair |
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Term
Define DNA-Mediated Transformation |
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Definition
Genetic exchange allowing DNA to move bacterium |
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Term
How does DNA enter bacteria cells? |
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Definition
Binds to receptor cells on "competent" (state requiring high bacteria concentration, etc.) cells, one strand enters, other is degraded by nucleases |
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Term
How does donor DNA integrate into the host genome? |
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Definition
Homologous recombination - If donor DNA has a homologous region in cell genome, it will take its place |
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Term
What does transduction allow? |
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Definition
Bacterial DNA to transfer to another bacteria, mediated by bacteriophage |
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Term
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Definition
DNA/RNA with protein coat, infect by injecting nucleic acid |
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Term
Describe the process of transduction |
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Definition
Injection, nucleic acid removes host DNA, phage coat proteins synthesize, phage DNA replicates, some phage heads envelope bacterial DNA and infects another cell, bacterial DNA integrates into chromosomes by homologous recombination |
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Term
What does conjugation allow? |
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Definition
Bacterial DNA transfer, requires physical contact (bacterial sex) |
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Term
What does conjugation involve? |
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Definition
Mobilization of DNA transfer, plasmid transfer, synthesis of functional plasmid inside recipient/donor cells |
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Term
Light of a _______ wavelength will provide better resolution because these \waves can more easily fit between individual objects in the specimen. |
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Definition
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Term
True of False: Differential media suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria but promotes the growth of wanted bacteria |
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Definition
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