Term
PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
technique where we amplify DNA millions of time to investigate it |
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Term
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
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Definition
bacteria that causes tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria that causes Syphilis. Has a helical shape. |
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Term
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Definition
external polysaccharide (sugar) made inside the cell and excreted outside to form either a capsule or a slime layer |
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Term
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Definition
Organized structured layer that protects the pathogenecity of the cell. Capsules help pathogens escape phagocytosis. Ex: Streptococcus Pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
Non-organized non-structured viscous gelatonous polymer that helps in attachment of pathogen. Ex: streptococcus mutans (cavities on teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
a whip-like structure external to the bacterial cell that is responsible for the movement of the cell by propelling it. Made of filaments, a Hook and Basal Bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Globular proteins called Flagellin |
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Term
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Definition
Wide structure composed of different proteins anchored to the cell wall and plasma membrane by the Basal Body |
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Term
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Definition
Disks that anchor the hook |
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Term
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Definition
Appendages called Filamentous Fibrilis that wrap themselves around the bacteria and give it a cock-screw like motion |
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Term
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Definition
Shorter, thinner, straighter hair-like structures than Flagella present all over the cell made of a protein called Pillin.
Some bacteria have sex pilli which are responsible for DNA transfer from one cell to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
Macronetwork complex of Peptidoglycans forming a lettuce
Formed of alternating units of disaccharides (N-Acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) connected by peptide bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
Peptido = peptide glycans = polysaccharides
Due to the alternating polysaccharides and the peptide bonds that connect them
due to the alternating polysaccharides and pepeti |
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Term
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Definition
To protect the cell from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell increases.
Gives shape and rigidity to the cell |
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Term
Peptidoglycan structure in Gram + bacteria |
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Definition
a carbohydrate backbone made of alternative polysaccharides of NAG and NAM linked together by tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross bridges |
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Term
Peptidoglycan structure in gram -ve bacteria |
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Definition
Complex structure.
The Peptidoglycan and periplasmic space are sandwhiched in between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane. The peptidoglycan and outer membrane form the cell wall.
The outer membrane is formed of a phospholipid bilayer.
The outer membrane has lipopolysaccharides on its surface, mainly O polysaccharide and Lipid A (endotoxin) |
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Term
Cross Bridge Peptide and Tetrapeptide side chain |
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Definition
two types of peptides that link 50-60 units of alternating NAM and NAC together to form the carbohydrate backbone of the cell wall |
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Term
Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall |
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Definition
Contain many layers of peptidoglycan and Teichoic acid |
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Term
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Definition
Negatively charged phosphtate groups in gram positive bacteria that has two functions
1) Regulating the movement of rations inside and outside the cell 2) contain the antigenic specificity of the organism |
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Term
Gram Negative Bacteria Cell Wall |
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Definition
Formed of peptidoglycan and outer membrane |
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Term
Outer Membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria |
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Definition
Consists of phospholipids and lipoproteins and porin proteins
Porin proteins act as a channel for material like amino acids and vitamins
Lipopolysaccharides are the O Polysaccharides (contain the antigenic specificity) and Lipid A (endotoxin that causes fever upon infection) |
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Term
Which is stronger? gram -ve or +ve? |
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Definition
Gram +ve is rigid and has many layers of peptidoglycans so its stronger than the gram negative which is very fragile. |
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Term
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Definition
Space between the plasma membrane and outer membrane that contains all enzymes needed to break down nutrient material and generate ATP. |
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Term
Describe the Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
Phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophillic phosphorous polar head and hydrophobic lipid content. Proteins in the bilayer allow selective permeability. The Proteins and phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane give it a fluid-like mosaic structure. |
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Term
Function of the Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
Selective permeability and degredative enzymes that degrade nutrients. Also protects prokaryote by stopping certain antibodies from entering. |
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Term
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Definition
Viscous semi-transparent material that contains 80% water and enzumes, sugars and inorganic material. Remember that bacteria dont have any membrane bound organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
One circular DNA chromosome not associated with Histone proteins. It contains all necessary info for organisms to replicate |
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Term
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Definition
A short piece of DNA that consists of a few genes and replicates on its own. It plays a role in antibiotic resistance and toxiginicity of the bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
Is 70S molecular weight and made of two subunits, one 30 S and one 40 S. Its function is in protein translation.
Some antibiotics work on 30S, 40S or 70S ribozome to inhibit bacteria by stopping the translation of mRNA leading to bacterial death. |
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Term
Viral and Bacterial destruction |
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Definition
Medicating a viral attack is harder than a bacterial attack since in a viral infection need to destroy living cell while in bacterial infection need to destroy the bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
process of endospore formation |
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Term
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Definition
Formed inside bacteria and released, can survive heating process of food preperation and some disinfectants because of its many membranes. Mainly occurs in gram positive bacteria (Clustridium Botulinum, very potent exotoxin) and some gram negative (coxiella burnetii) |
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Term
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Definition
svdberg unit, relative sedimentation rate of the unit at ultrahigh speed centrifugation |
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Term
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Definition
Subunit is made up of a protein + 1 molecule of rRNA (Ribozomal RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
Subunit is made up of a protein + 2 molecules of rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
reserve deposits in cells |
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Term
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Definition
Inclusions: inorganic phosphates for ATP synthesis. Seen as red using Methylene Blue stain |
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Term
Polysaccharide granules (sugars) |
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Definition
Inclusions: starch and glycogen, use iodine stain to see |
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Term
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Definition
Inclusions: needed for metabolism in some bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Inclusions: areas inside cell which contain enzyme ribulose-1,5-disphosphate carboxylase. Needed if cell uses carbon monoxide as energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
Area inside cell that maintains buoyancy and keeps the organism floating at a certain depth where theres enough light and nutrients for growth. Mainly for aquatic bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
some bacteria form spores, highly durable (can last thousands of years) dehydrated (no water) cells. Also known as resting cells. Sporulation occurs if a nutrient is missing, the bacteria revives if the nutrient is available. |
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Term
Eukaryotic flagella and celia |
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Definition
Short hairlike structures. if many, flagella, if few, celia. Gives the cell its wavelike movement |
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Term
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Definition
Mainly sugars, not made of peptidoglycans. - Algae: cellulose cell wall - Fungi: cell wall n-acetylglucosamine (NAG) known as chitin - Yeast: mannan (sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
Its structure and function is similar to eukaryotes. Process of endocytosis (phagocytosis for solids and pinocytosis for liquid) and selective permeability |
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Term
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Definition
Complex structure of rods (microtubules) or cylinders (microfilaments) responsible for transport of material inside the cell, cytoplasmic streaming. |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear envelope is made of double layer and holes. Contains 1 or 2 nuceleoli to synthesize rRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
DNA associated with histones and other proteins. If cell is in a resting phase, the DNA and protein are condensed chromatin. If cell is dividing they are uncondensed chromosomes. |
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Term
Eukaryotic Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
Flattened sacks known as 'cisternae' whose function is lipid synthesis. Consists of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER, many ribosomes) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER, no ribosomes) |
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Term
Eukaryotic Golgi Apparatus |
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Definition
stack of dishes which receive lipids and proteins, sort them out and excrete them through vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
Equivalent to chloroplast in plant cell, it is the energy house of the cell. Check figure. It has its own DNA which replicates from cell DNA without affecting the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, powerful digestive enzymes. Only membrane bound organelle that has a single membrane and not a double membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
In plant cells, vacuoles takes up 90% of cell space. It is the dumping place for waste products and water storage. |
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Term
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Definition
Next to nucleus, pair of short axies perpendicular to long axis. Function in mitosis and meiosis and a role in synthesis of flagella and celia. |
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Term
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Definition
The sum of all chemical reactions taking place within an organism |
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Term
Metabolic Chemical Reaction |
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Definition
Catabolic chemical reaction: release energy, degredative, due to breakage of the organic bonds
Anabolic reaction: Acquire energy, biosynthetic, building organic bonds |
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Term
Mechanism of ATP use in Metabolic reactions |
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Definition
Coupling of energy release and energy usage using ATP to build and degrade organic compounds.
Release energy: ATP --> ADP + :P + Energy
Consume Energy: ADP + :P + Energy --> ATP |
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Term
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Definition
All metabolic reactions can only take place in the presence of enzymes. Catalysts speed up the reaction without themselves being changed. They are specific and mainly consist of proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
Consist of a protein part (epoprotein or epoenzyme) and Non protein part (metallic ion or complex inorganic molecule) |
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Term
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Definition
Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide. Has an important role in catabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Nicotineamide Adenine Diphosphate. Important role in anabolic reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
derivatives of nicotine acid or vitamin B. Both function as electron carriers. |
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Term
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Definition
Energy releasing pathway (catabolic reaction)that most microorganisms use to oxidize carbohydrates as their main source of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
Energy releasing pathway that uses glucose to produce ATP. When balanced, theoretically releases 38 ATP |
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Term
3 classes of molecules that are involved as electron carriers in respiration |
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Definition
Flaviproteins and Flavin (derivatives of B12)
Cytochrome (protein and iron binding for heme molecules)
Coenzyme Q though not a protein carrier |
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Term
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Definition
Catabolic reaction that is needed for catabolism of 5 carbon sugars needed in synthesis of NADP. Involves the Pentose Phosphase Shunt.
gram -ve bacteria use the Duodordoff pathway |
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Term
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Definition
A biological pathway that doesnt need oxygen to occur but can occur in its presence. The endpoint can be any other molecule, differs with different species. Number of ATP produced is much less in fermentation than in respiration. . The first step in fermentation is glycolysis, which yields Pyruvic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
Extracellular enzymes produced by microbes that split lipids into other compounds |
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Term
Lipids in metabolic reactions |
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Definition
lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids. When they are split, they go into Krebs cycle which is involved in the oxidation of glycerol and fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
Extracellular compounds produced by microbes that split proteins into components (amino acids) |
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Term
Proteins in metabolic reactions |
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Definition
After broken down into amino acids, amino groups undergo deamination where ammonium ions (NH4+) are excreted outside the cell and what remains goes into the kreb cycle |
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Term
Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
Carbon atoms which are needed for the synthesis of glucose come from intermediates of glycolysis and krebs cycle |
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Term
Metabollic pathways of energy use |
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Definition
anabolic or biosynthetic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose --> Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate --> Glucose 6 Phosphate ---> Fructose 6 Phosphate --> Pyruvic acid |
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Term
Glucose 6 Phosphate in anabolic reactions |
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Definition
In bacterial cell, Adenosine Diphosphate Glucase (ADPG) synthesizes several units of this compound to form glycogen. This is a form of dehydration synthesis that requires ATP |
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Term
Fructose 6 Phosphate in Anabolic reactions |
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Definition
UDPNA (Uridine Diphosphate Nacetyl Acid) synthesizes severl subunits using UTP to produce peptidoglycan (Bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
anabolic reaction for the formation of lipids, usually uses precursors of glycolysis |
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Term
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate in lipid biosynthesis |
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Definition
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate become dihydroxyacetone phosphate which becomes glycerol and that combines with fatty acids (from pyruvic acid) to form lipids. Requires energy but not necessarily ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Some microbes have enzymes necessary to break certain precursors to form the amino acids required (Like E Coli). Microbes that dont have these enzymes cant break down amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
Addition of an amino group to organic acids |
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Term
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Definition
Amino group added from another amino acid |
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Term
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids |
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Definition
RNA and DNA are made up of nucleotides, purines and pyramidines (the C and N atoms come from amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartate) and pentose (sugar) and phosphorous group (from ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
Whenever a pathway has a dual function in catabolism and anabolism |
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Term
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Definition
time to double the number of bacteria in a culture |
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Term
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Definition
an inward dip in plasma membrane and cell wall
1- Elongation of cell and replication of DNA 2- The cell wall and plasma membrane move inward to region where DNA was replicated 3- Complete separation of DNA and cell wall 4- 2 daughter cells are identical to the mother |
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Term
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Definition
Some bacteria replicate by budding, which is a small outgrowth on one side of the cell which keeps it growing till the outgrowth is identical to the mother cell. Cell wall and plasma membrane expand. |
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Term
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Definition
some bacteria, particularly filamentous bacteria, make spores at the end of or underneath the filament (spore chain). These spores grow up to form new bacteria. |
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Term
Ways of bacterial reproduction |
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Definition
-Binary Fission -Budding -Spore Formation |
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Term
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Definition
study eam question on page 2 of notes OCT30 |
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Term
Stages of Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
1) the Lag Phase 2) Log Phase 3) Stationary Phase 4) Death Phase or Decline |
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Term
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Definition
First stage of bacterial growth: From 1 hr to 3 hr, the number of bacteria stay the same. Bacteria is undergoing intensive metabollic activities particularly synthesizing DNA and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Second phase of bacterial growth, T=4.5 hrs, number of bacteria start to increase |
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Term
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Definition
Number of bacteria become constant, stage of equilibrium where number of dividing cells equals the number of dying cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Toxic waste excreted from dying cells, pH becomes very acidic and very few bacteria grow in an acidic medium |
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Term
Chemical Requirements for Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
Water, oxygen, carbon, minerals (sulfer, phosphorous), organic growth factors, and trace elements |
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Term
Physical requirements for Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure |
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Term
Affect of Temperature and Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
- -10o --> 10/20o => cold loving bacteria or Psychrophiles
- 20o --> 40-50o => Moderate, mesophiles
- 50o --> 70o => heat loving bacteria, theriophiles
- 70o --> 100-120o Hypothermophiles/volcanic activities, hot springs. these bacteria usually need sulfur for metabolism.
Best temperature is body temperature, 37oC |
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Term
Effect of pH on Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
Optimal pH is 6.5-7.5 in the neutrality zone, plus phosphate buffers to maintain pH. |
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Term
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Definition
grow at a very low pH in stomach, pH=2, enterobacteria in coal mines, pH=1 |
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Term
Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
Plasmolysis occurs when concentration of solutes outside the cell is more than enside, so water leaves the cell to the environment causing cell shrinkage. |
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Term
Important Chemicals for Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
- Water -CO2 needed as a source of Carbon for the carbon backbone - Ammonium ion needed as a source of nitrogen for protein synthesis and amino acid source - Sulfate, some bacteria need sulfur - Phosphorous needed for ATP, phospholipids, purines and pyrmadines from Phosphate ion |
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Term
importance of Trace Elements in Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
trace elements Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg mainly work as cofactors. |
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Term
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Definition
- Trigger growth of the cell, provided from environment, - used in synthesis of vitamins and some amino acids. |
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Term
Strict Anaerobic Bacteria |
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Definition
Don't need oxygen at all to grow and will die in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Mainly grow at bottom, in the absence of oxygen, but can be found on the surface |
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Term
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Definition
Can grow in the presence or absence of Oxygen, though they prefer O2. if its not available, they can use other. |
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Term
Microaerophillic Bacteria |
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Definition
Need O2 but less concentration than aerophillic so usually found in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrient material used for the growth of microbes in the lab |
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Term
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Definition
A nutrient material (extracted from seaweed) that acts as a solidifying agent for the growth of bacteria |
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Term
Advantages of using Agar: |
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Definition
1) Very few bacteria degrade Agar 2) Becomes solid at 40o and remains solid at 100o 3) When poured on innoculum, doesnt hurt or kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Well-defined chemicals that only need hydration (addition of water). The media provides a source of energy and all required nutrients for bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
Made up of yeast extract, meat extract, peptones (short chains of amino acids) and provides a source of energy and nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
Suppress growth of certain bacteria and allow for the growth of needed bacteria
Bismuth Sulfate in media will suppress gram +ve and only allow gram -ve interic bacteria
Sabouroid Dextrose allows only the growth of fungi at pH 5.6 |
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Term
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Definition
Differentiates between closely related bacteria and allows bacteria to grow but allows you to differentiate between them.
Bloos Agar allows the growth of all streptococcus but differentiates between Strep. Pyogenes from others since only this bacteria hemolysis the blood |
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Term
Selective and Differential Media |
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Definition
Selects growth of certain microorganisms and also differentiates between others
MacConkey suppresses the growth of gram +ve and allows gram -ve to grow + bile and crystal violent --> only allows the growth of enteric gram -ve
+ Lactose If bacteria ferments lactose --> pink color If bacteria doesn't ferment lactose --> colorless colony |
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Term
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Definition
Used when the desired microorganism is present in small numbers. Selective and increases the number of microorganisms every time they are subcultured in a solution media. |
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Term
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Definition
Made for Anaerobic bacteria.
Uses Sodium Thioglycolate which reacts with oxygen and removes it from the media. Provides an anaerobic atemosphere for the growth of anaerobic bacteria |
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Term
Characteristics of a Culture Media |
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Definition
- Right nutrient and right amount of nutrient - Sufficient moisture - Provide sufficient O2 is aerobic growth is required - Properly adjusted pH - STERILE |
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Term
Deep Freeze Bacteria Culture |
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Definition
Suspend pure bacteria in culture in suitable media. Freeze quickly at -50o-->-90o and the bacteria can survive for years while frozen. Thaw the specimen and culture it again-->bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
Freeze dry the bacteria and freeze it at -70o, then vaccuum out air and water through a special pump and seal it with high temperature. This powderizes the culture so it can survive for many years and be recultured. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Destruction of all forms of life including endospores. Best method is using heat. |
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Term
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Definition
The destrcution of the vegetative pathogens (all the bacteria except endospores) using a disinfecting agent |
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Term
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Definition
When the killing of vegetative pathogens is applied to living tissues using an antiseptic agent. |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanical removal of germs from an area using an alcohol swab |
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Term
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Definition
Reducing the number of organisms to minimize infection using sanitizing agent. |
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Term
Requirements of effective microbial treatment |
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Definition
- Degree of contamination - Time of exposure - Type of microorganism - Environmental factors: pH, temperature, presence of organic matter |
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Term
Heat as a method of control of Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
Dry Heat (open flame) and Moist Heat (Autoclave) |
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Term
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Definition
Boiling for 10 minutes is enough to kill most microbes but not endospores.
As the pressure increases the temperature the microbes are exposed to increases. |
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Term
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Definition
Sterilizes using pressurized steam, especially used on surgical equipments and when theres an AIDS patient |
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Term
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Definition
Different degrees of heat to sterilize
Classic 63o for 30 mins HTST (High Temp Short Time) 72o for 15 mins Ultra High 100o for 1 minute |
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Term
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Definition
Length of time to kill all microbes using dry heat |
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Term
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Definition
The temperature at which all bacteria are killed within 10 minutes |
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Term
Low Temperature in Bacterial Growth |
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Definition
Doesnt kill but inhibits growth of microbes |
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Term
HEPA - High Efficiency Particulate Air |
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Definition
Machine used in hospitals to filter out bacteria and viruses depending on the filter used, especially for patients in isolation unit. |
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Term
Plasmolysis as a Growth Control |
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Definition
Injcrease of salt in a solution with bacteria causes plasmolysis and cell shrinkage but not death |
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Term
Dessication to control bacterial growth |
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Definition
Remove water to control growth of bacteria |
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Term
Radiation to control bacterial growth |
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Definition
Very effective way of killing bacteria using Xray, gamma waves or UV light |
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Term
Chemical means to control growth of bacteria |
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Definition
Ethylene Oxide is a penetrating chemical mainly used on AIDS patients |
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