• 1684
• improved on the microscope

• 1877
• developed many microscope techniques
• aseptic technique
• Koch's postulate
• isolated, grew, and stained microbes
• developed media (petri plate)

• 1859
• Air is full of microorganisms
• created pasteurization

• 1929
• penicillin

• 1867
• antiseptic surgery
• isolated Lacto bacteria for milk

• discoveries of antibiotics and vaccines lead to curing infectious diseases
• more popular use of microscopes allowed for more discoveries and understanding of how disease is spread

1. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
2. Proteins
3. Fats-Lipids
4. Sugars-Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids

(DNA and RNA)

-Function

DNA: stores genetic information

RNA: converts genetic information to proteins and has structural roles

Proteins

-function

enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

structural role in cells

Fats-Lipids

-Function

• Structure: bases (Adenine, Guanin, Cytosine, Thymine), phosphate, backbone
  • bases-ring shaped structure
  • Nucleoside-base + sugar
  • Nucleotide-Nucleoside + phostphate

sugar backbone is RIBOSE (RNA)

Deoxy = no oxygen

*There is no oxygen at position 2 so RNA ism ore stable than DNA

• A & T (or U) have 2 Hydrogen Bonds
• G & C have 3 Hydrogen Bonds (Stronger)

• hydrogen bonds between the bases
• strands are anti-parallel

• forms long strands
• 2 strands bind to one another via bases, strands are anti-parallel
• Base sequence = DNA sequence
• alpha helix (major & minor grooves--compact)

• converts genetic info of DNA to protein
• has structural and catalytic roles
• usually single stranded
• believed to be the first biological molecule

• Messenger RNA--copy of DNA code
  • single stranded
• Ribosomal RNA--makes up part of ribosomes
  • catalyze reactions
• Transfer RNA--brings amino acids into growing protein

1. DNA is a double helix, RNA is single stranded
   1. redundant, protects genetic info
2. DNA is only structural, RNA is also a catalyst
3. RNA is less stable because it is a catalyst, DNA is more stable
   1. holds our genetic info...good!

• made of amino acids (there are 20 naturally)
  • made of amino group (NH₃) and carboxylic acid (COOH)
  • structure of amino acid affects function

• primary--linear sequence
• secondary--twisting and coiling
  • interactions amoung amino acids
• tertiary--folds back to form stable structures
  • 3-D structure (beta pleated w/ alpha helix)
• quaternary--active conformation

• structural role is cells (flagella, cell wall)
• enzymes
  • biological catalyst
    • speed up reactions by bringing chemical reactions closer together and aligning reactants

Fats(lipids)

-structure

• simple: fatty acids plus triglyceride
• complex: can have other elements (P and N)
• has polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) parts

• structural (bilayer in membranes)
• energy storage

• organic compounds that have C, H, O in equal parts
• simple sugars form polysaccharides and glycosidic bonds

• structural role (cell membrane and surface)
• metabolism
  • breakdown for energy
  • stored for future use

we can only digest alpha-linkage, other animals can digest beta though

different links =different functions and uses

• Covalent (strong): share electrons--evenly (non-polar) or unevenly (polar)
• Ionic (weak): create ions when broken
• Hydrogen (weak): strong if abundant

• prokaryotes: no nucleus/organelles
• eukaryotes: membrane enclosed nucleus and organelle