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Microbio
Studying for tests
43
Microbiology
Undergraduate 4
04/18/2016

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Epidemiology
Definition
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population.
Term
Epidemiology Basics
Definition
To cause a disease, a pathogen must replicate and grow inside a host.
Term
Chronic Infections
Definition
Host and pathogen survive.
Term
Acute Infections
Definition
New Pathogen in a host. Pathogen can be a selective force.
Term
Epidemic
Definition
When a disease occurs in a large number of people in a population at the same time.
Term
Endemic
Definition
Disease constantly present in a population, usually at low incidences.
Term
Incidence
Definition
Number of new cases of the disease in a given period of time.
Term
Prevalence
Definition
Total number and existing cases in a population in a given time.
Term
Outbreak
Definition
When a number of cases of disease are reported in a short amount of time.
Term
Subclinical Infections
Definition
Diseased invidivuals who show no or mild symptoms, also known as carriers.
Term
Mortality
Definition
Incidence of death in a population
Term
Morbidity
Definition
Refers to the incidence of disease, including fatal and nonfatal diseases
Term
Disease Progression
Definition

Infection - The organism invades and colonizes the host

 

Incubation Period - The time between infection and onset of symptoms

 

Acute Period - The disease is at its height

 

Decline Period - Disease symptoms are subsiding

 

Convalescent Period - Patient regains strength and returns to normal 

Term
Serotype
Definition
Bacterial or viral classification into groups based on cell surface antigens, allowing the epidemiological classification of organisms to the sub-species level
Term
A host-to-host pathogen that kills its before it can infect another host may become extinct
Definition
Term
Direct host-to-host transmission
Definition
Infected individuals transmit a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary.
Term
Indirect host-to-host transmission
Definition

Occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or nonliving agent

 

 

 

Term
Vectors
Definition
Living agents
Term
Fomites
Definition
Nonliving agents
Term
Major epidemics are classified as...
Definition
Common-source or host-to-host epidemics
Term
Common-source epidemic
Definition

Arises from contamination of water or food

 

Ex: Cholera

Term
Host-to-Host Epidemic
Definition

Slow and progressive rise and gradual decline

 

Ex: Influenza and chicken pox

Term
Why is there such a difference between the flora in the duodenum and that in the ileum?
Definition
There is a large pH difference between these regions of the small intestine.
Term
The ability to cause disease is 
Definition
pathogenicity
Term
Factors that enhance an organism's ability to adhere to host tissues include
Definition
fimbriae
Term
An exotoxin that has the ability to kill or damage host cells is referred to as a(n)
Definition
cytotoxin.
Term
All AB toxins have which of the following?
Definition
Two subunits
Term
tepped on a rusty nail while walking her dog barefoot. She needs to be treated to prevent damage by which exotoxin?
Definition
tetanus exotoxin
Term
Mucous membranes are a part of
Definition
innate defense
Term
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in fighting a viral pathogen?
Definition
T lymphocytes
Term
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells
Term
A person would be most at risk of infections if he or she 
Definition
is a 70-year-old alcoholic whose spouse just died
Term
Endotoxins are found in
Definition
 
Term
Which of the following is an important virulence factor for dental caries?
Definition
polysaccharide adhesion
Term
The exotoxin that functions by destroying cell membranes is called
Definition
a cytolytic toxin
Term
A pharmaceutical company that uses the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay to test water that is used to make sterile saline for intravenous administration is trying to detect small amounts of which of the following?
Definition
endotoxin
Term
All of the following areas of the human body should be microbially sterile EXCEPT
Definition
the respiratory tract
Term
All of the following are typical gram-positive organisms found on the skin EXCEPT 
Definition
Bacteroides
Term
Organisms that colonize skin 
Definition
are mostly gram-positive bacteria
Term
A patient admitted to the hospital with muscle weakness and paralysis is put on a ventilator because of breathing difficulties. It is determined that the symptoms are the result of a bacterial exotoxin. Which of the following is the most likely source of this toxin?
Definition
canned food
Term
Endotoxins are also known as
Definition
Lipid A.
Term
When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell?
Definition
When the cell dies
Term
Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly?
Definition
It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock.
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