Term
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Definition
| nutritional mode - any organism that doesn't have to have preformed organic molecules as energy source (ex:green plant) |
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Term
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Definition
| nutritional mode - must be given preformed organic molecules for an energy source (most microbes) |
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Term
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Definition
| a heterotrophs two main types |
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Term
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Definition
| have to get preformed organic molecules from dead source - can't be infectious |
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Term
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Definition
| prefers to get organic matter from living source, but can tough it out on dead things if needed |
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Term
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Definition
| a parasite can be both obligate and facultative, which does it prefer? |
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Term
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Definition
| acellular infectious agents which are ALL intracellular obligate parasites |
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Term
| intracellular obligate parasite |
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Definition
| virus are all this type of heterotroph |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular means they are inside the cells.... |
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Term
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Definition
| the ___ a disease is in a host population the ____ severe it becomes |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the oldest viral disease of humans and when did it happen? |
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Term
| the first immunization (after reasearch w/cowpox like spots - less smallpox in milkmaids) |
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Definition
| What did Jenner develop in the 1790s? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who found Rabies and when? |
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Term
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Definition
| What other immunizing agent did Pasteur find before Rabies? |
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Term
| gave to bunnies who never seemed to get rabies, ground there spinal cords and gave them to healthy dogs and dogs never got rabies |
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Definition
| How did Pasteur research Rabies immunizing agent? |
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Term
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Definition
| What human was the rabies vaccine tested on, who survived? |
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Term
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Definition
| What disease did Iwanowski work with in the 1890's? |
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Term
| after running tobacco juice through porcelain filter (took out bacteria) and poured the "clean" juice on plants that still got sick, discovered an infectious agent smaller than bacteria existed |
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Definition
| What did Iwanowski discover? |
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Term
| bacteria suffer from virus (can't grow virus in lab, so good research tool, don't need people to get sick to study) |
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Definition
| What did Twort discover in 1915? |
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Term
| tissue culturing - found virus' will multiply in fertilized egg |
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Definition
| What did Woodruff and Goddpasteur discover in teh 1930's? |
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Term
| first tangible evidence of virus (tobacco mosaic disease crystals) |
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Definition
| What did Stanley find in 1935? |
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Term
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Definition
| Big invention in the 1940s? |
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Term
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Definition
| 1949 Enders came up with a tissue culture that would support what virus, leading to what in 1950's? |
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Term
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Definition
| an immunizing agent that uses a treated pathogen that can't cause a full-blown infection to immunize, pathogen not dead, just weakened |
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Term
| size, shape, composition, genome |
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Definition
| 4 big parts in structure of virus |
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Term
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Definition
| what you measure virus' with (typically 20-200 of these is size) |
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Term
*icosahedron (polyhedral) - many facets making it look spherical
*cylindrical - helix
*complex (combo of above two, least common) |
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Definition
| list 3 basic virus shapes and what they look like |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 main parts of virus composition that all virus have |
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Term
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Definition
| coat of protein units around a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| each individual protein that makes up a capsid |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the capsid protect? |
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Term
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Definition
| what do most virus' use capsids for? |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the capsid stiumlate in most virus'? |
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Term
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Definition
| in an ____ virus, the capsid can sometims change causing it to be hard to ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA or RNA molecule in virus (will be on or the other) |
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Term
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Definition
| virus that goes after bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| virus with a DNA genome are typically ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| virus with RNA genomes are typically ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| types of genomes found in animal virus are typically? |
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Term
| take over metabolism of host cell |
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Definition
| what does the genome do once inside the host cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| part of previous host cells cell membrane that may contain some virus proteins and is found only in some animal virus' |
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Term
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Definition
| If a ___ exits it will identify the next appropriate host cell for the virus instead of the ____ which normally identifies it |
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Term
| attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release |
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Definition
| what are the 5 steps in the replication of bacteriophages? |
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Term
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Definition
| during the ____ phase of replication of a bacteriophage, the ___ of the virus happens to attach with weak chemical bonding to an ___ site |
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Term
| attachment, capsomere, bacteria wall, genome |
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Definition
| during the ___ phase of repication of a bacteriophage, the rxn between the ___ and ___ ___, weakens wall and pressure builds in capsid, causing ___ to get injected into the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| virus takes over host cells metabolism |
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Term
| biosynthesis, DNA/RNA, proteins |
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Definition
| during ___ phase of replication of bacteriophage, the __ and ___ the virus needs are produced inside the host bacterium |
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Term
| maturation, capsule, new virus particles |
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Definition
| during ___ phase of replication of a bacteriophage, ___ materials formed during biosynthesis are put together into __ __ __ |
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Term
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Definition
| during the maturation replication stage of the bacteriophage, what happens to the bacterium? |
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Term
| bacterium dies, wall falls apart, virus particles are released |
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Definition
| during the release stage of replication of a bacteriophage w/out an envelope what happens to the bacterium and its wall, and what does this do to the virus particles? |
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Term
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Definition
| how long does replication of a bacteriophage typically take? |
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Term
| evagination, host cell doesn't always die |
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Definition
| during the release phase of replication of a bacteriophage with an envelope how do the virus particles escape and what happens to the host cell? |
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Term
| attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, relase |
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Definition
| what are the 5 phases of replication in a plant virus? |
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Term
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Definition
| for a plant virus to attach, the plant must have a ___ to get in |
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Term
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Definition
| during the penetration phase of replication in a plant virus, it has to be the correct cell to ___ and therefore penetrate |
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Term
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Definition
| in the biosynthesis phase of plant virus replication, ___ spread through the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| in the maturation phase of plant virus replication, ___ form around ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| during the release phase of plant virus replication, the only way for the virus to be released is... |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the number one, most accurate way to detect/identify a virus in an animal? |
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Term
| virus impact cells in certain unique ways sometimes |
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Definition
| One way to help identify a virus in an animal is by seeing how the cell is impacted in tissue cultures, why does this work? |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occurring crystals that are in cytoplasm of brain cells if rabies is present |
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Term
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Definition
| the herpes virus produces the __ virus in the __ |
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Term
| crystals, help in identification of virus in animals because not all virus have them |
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Definition
| what are inclusion bodies and how are they used? |
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Term
| modified host tissues/cells |
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Definition
| Skin lesions of chickenpox and foamy cytoplasm of infectious mono are what type of virus detection in animals strategy? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the last thing people will usually try when attempting to identify a virus in animals? |
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Term
| get sick, immunizations, high temp, interferons, and chemicals |
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Definition
| What are the 5 internal control methods of virus in animals? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ try to fool your body that you did get sick |
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Term
| immunizations, capsid, immunization |
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Definition
| in the process of killing virus to get dead virus' to use in ___, the __ may change and make the ___ worthless |
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Term
| they are often very sensitive to body temp differences |
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Definition
| why does a high temp often kill virus? |
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Term
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Definition
| healthy cells around the virus that release a family of proteins known as ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| interferons tie up __ sites so virus can't ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F interferons are very virus specific |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F there are not many chemicals developed to fight off virus |
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Term
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Definition
| what do most anti-viral drugs have a very high potential of? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is an anti-viral drug often given in very young or __ pts |
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Term
| shingles/chicken pox, adults/elderly |
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Definition
| vidaribine, an anti-viral drug, is given for ___ control in the ___ population |
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Term
| tying up attachment sites |
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Definition
| amatadine and vidaribine work by... |
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Term
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Definition
| acyclorvir is used for virus with a ___ genome and work by incroporating themselves into the ___ of the virus |
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Term
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Definition
| IBT is used in virus with an ___ genome and works by incorporating itself into the ___ of the virus |
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Term
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Definition
| virus' are classified using an... |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of organisms that has nothing to do w/evolution (ex:flower color) |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F common artificial virus keys include naming by where the first case was identified and what part of the body it hits |
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Term
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Definition
| (some) virus have an ability called __ that allows them to go after bacteria and don't short circuit the host cell metabolism right away |
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Term
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Definition
| during lysogeny the virus becomes incorporated into ___ and becomes ___ until virus reactivates |
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Term
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Definition
| the special ability some virus have of __ was first observed with virus' attacking bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of genetic info of one bacteria to another with a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| a borderline organism that is an infectious nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a viroid contains only a ___, no__, and its genome contains ___ |
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Term
| no capsid or envelope to stimulate response |
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Definition
| why is there no immune response in animals to viroids? |
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Term
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Definition
| the one __ viroid ever found, in mice, was ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| a borderline organism that is infectious proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a __ gets into a protein cell causing it to become ___ which then turns it into a __ |
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Term
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Definition
| prions cause __, ___ diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| kury, mad cow disease, and crevtfeldt jacobs disease are diseases all caused by ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F rickettsia are closer to a virus than a bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| rickettsia are normally found in ___ and are passed by ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| rockey mtn spotted fever, epidemic typhus, q fever, clamydia, trachoma are all diseases caused by which borderline organism? |
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Term
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Definition
| achlorophyllus, eukaryotic organimsms which are usually filaments in their vegatative phase, with cell walls that are rich in chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| most common nutritional mode of fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| __ are modern bacteria and contain __ in their genre |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ were the first organisms on the planet |
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Term
| cellulose, lignin (woody plant) |
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Definition
| if a fungus is an obligate saprophyte they will have ___ and/or ___ in their cell walls |
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Term
| saprophytes, facultative, parasites |
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Definition
| other than the most common obligate saprophyte types of fungi, some are facultative ___, some are ____ parasites, and few are obligate ____. |
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Term
|
Definition
| approximately ___ species of fungi have been identified which is believed to be about ___ percent of fungi in existence |
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Term
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Definition
| 5000 of identified fungi attack ____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| several hundred identified fungi attack ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ species of identified fungi attack humans |
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Term
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Definition
| __ identified fungi that attack humans are serious |
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Term
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Definition
| vegetative phase of fungi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| cell wall and large central vacuole |
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Definition
| what are the two plant characteristics fungi has? |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell wall of fungi has a very ___ chemical makeup than plants, and both species walls are ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| from a metabolic standpoint, a large central vacuole is a ___ area |
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Term
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Definition
| the ___ in fungi make it so that there is a smaller area that needs resources such as minerals and water |
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Term
| solute, pressure, proteins |
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Definition
| a vacuole allows a fungi cell to grow by increasing ___ levels in vacuole by bringing in water, therefore increasing ___ and allowing cell to grow w/out bringing water into cytoplasm and risking denaturing ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 animal characteristics fungal cells have |
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Term
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Definition
| major component of rigid wall in fungi |
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Term
| dicaryotic condition, crosswalls, intranuclear mitosis |
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Definition
| 3 unique characteristics to fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| delay in sexual reprduction |
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Term
| all cytoplasm you are looking at in hypha of fungi is connected through pores |
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Definition
| what is the crosswalls general rule? |
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Term
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Definition
| intranuclear mitosis means it doesn't break down the ___ membrane, instead it goes through continuous ___ to separate cell |
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Term
| conidia, sporangious pores, zoospores, arthrospores, budding |
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Definition
| 5 common ways fungi reproduce (asexual) |
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Term
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Definition
| external, non-motile spores on special branches |
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Term
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Definition
| internal, non-motile from of asexual fungal reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| internal, motile form of fungi asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| fractured hyphae that thicken walls and break off as a form of asexual fungi reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| there is nor resting stage for this form of fungi asexual reproduction, yeast reproduce this way |
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Term
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Definition
| general lack of crosswalls |
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Term
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Definition
| the ___ of oocmycetes is cenocitic |
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Term
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Definition
| oomycetes form of asexual reproduction is ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| the majority of oomycetes are __ |
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Term
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Definition
| oomycetes are known to be __ pathogens |
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Term
| lateblight of potatoes, downey mildew (grapes) |
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Definition
| 2 major plant diseases caused by oomycetes |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F a monoculture (where you rely on/only plant one plant) is a good thing to do |
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Term
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Definition
| (potato blight) oomycetes start on __, produce __ which fall to ground and __ potatoes to allow other organisms in |
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Term
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Definition
| downey mildew is an ___ parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| downey mildew was brought from which continent? |
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Term
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Definition
| downey mildew travels by being a __ zoospore |
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Term
|
Definition
| who invented bordeaux mixture? |
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Term
| copper sulfate, lime, pesticide |
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Definition
| bordeaux mixture was made out of ___ __ and __ and was the first ___ |
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Term
|
Definition
| zygomycetes have a __ mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
| zygomycetes use ___ type of asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| zygomycetes cause __ infections in humans, than can turn destructive if left untreated |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ cause the white billowy stuff on your food that sits to long in the fridge and on jack-o-lanterns |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F there are edible forms of zygomycetes |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a fungus that grows an intercellular mycellium on the root of some plants to help take in more water and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| some zygomycetes trap ___ in "balloons" of water |
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Term
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Definition
| ascomycetes have a ___ mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
| __ products mature w/in the cell where fusion of __ took place |
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Term
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Definition
| ascomycetes have a __ condition |
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Term
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Definition
| most asocmycetes reproduce via __ reproduction called __ __ |
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Term
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Definition
| fruiting body with a pore on top to allow ascus' or ascus spores to exit |
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Term
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Definition
| sphere shaped fruiting body where wall breaks down to allow spores to escape |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 types of asexual reproduction few ascomycetes do |
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Term
|
Definition
| yeast, morels, and truffles are all ___ ___ |
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Term
| ascomycete plant pathogens |
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Definition
| ergot and sclerotium are both examples of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| LSD type feelings and constriction of vascular tissues can be caused by constant exposure of what ascomycete pathogen? |
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Term
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Definition
| this medicine made with an ascomycete plant pathogen was often used to induce labor and take away headaches |
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Term
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Definition
| dutch elm disease originated in __ |
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Term
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Definition
| the insect that helps spread dutch elm disease is ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| the fungi of dutch elm disease live in the __ of the tree |
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Term
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Definition
| the european bark beetle helps spread dutch elm disease because ___ end up on its wings from fungus that forms in the old egg chambers and is transferred when the beetle goes to ___ on young bark |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a common human disease caused by ascomycetes |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ found the first case of histoplasmosis while working in the ___ ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F histoplasmosis is mostly limited to the ohio and mississipe river vallys in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F histoplasmosis is often fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| histoplasmosis is picked up by ___ arthrospores |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F histoplasmosis has a large host range |
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Term
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Definition
| histoplasmosis is a __ organism that loves high ___ content |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F histoplasmosis always starts as a cardiovascular infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the soil histoplasmosis acts like an __ and as a pathogen acts like __ |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F the majority of people with histoplasmosis are asymptomatic |
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Term
| amphoteicin-B (iv), ketoconazole (tab) |
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Definition
| 2 drugs to fight internal fungal infections and how they are given |
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Term
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Definition
| bread, some cheeses, and booze are all industrial values of what fungus? |
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Term
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Definition
| lichens, an ___, are very important in the first stage of __ building |
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