thick slime layer of a bacteria is called what? 2

capsule staining begins with what? cells are spread in a film with what? and are not What?

what kind of dye are used for capsule staining?

what do they appear like on microscope?

capsule stain- negative stain

on acidic film-no heat fixing

indian dye

halo

afterwards. similar neg staining protocol

dorment stage of in bacterial help protect against enviromental conditions not suitable for growth

--> making stains hard to penetrate keratin of cell wall

Schaeffer-Fulton

"futon shaver"

stain used for endospore

stain used for vegetative portion of cell 

color of each

malachite green to stain
the endospore

safranin to stain the vegetative portion
 Endospores will be green
 Vegetative cells and spore
mother cells will be pink

GIVES

isolate mixed colonies to produce COLONIES (one type of cell) or colony-forming unit (CFU)

mixed--> isolated

T-streak & quadrant streak

T quadrant

lab 4 FLASHCARDS

DO NOT REQUIRE O2

BUT DOES NOT MEAN IT IS HARMFUL EITHER

Grow equally well whether oxygen is present or not
 Do not require oxygen and are not adversely affected by it.

"IMMUNE"

Microaerophiles

- Survive only in environments containing lower than atmospheric levels of oxygen.

- DESIRE SMALL AMOUNTS

WHAT FUNCTION DOES INOCULATING FLUID THIOGLUCOLLATE MEDIA DO?

what kind of agent is thio and why?

IT TEST FOR OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS OF AN ORG.

-SUPPORTS GROWTH OF BOTH AERIOBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

thioglco- is a reducing agent which reduces oxygen to water

WHAT IS THE DYE IN THIOGLYCOLLATE, WHAT FUNCTION DOES IT SERVE?

what color does it change, what does this represent

DYE: RESAZURIN- INDICATOR FOR OXYGEN --> BECOMES PINK

res-a-zur-in turns pink in the pressence of oxygen

AEROBIC ORG- AT THE TOP

ANAEROBIC- BOTTOM

KEY METABOLITES IN METABLOISM

2

ACETYL CoA

PYRUVIC ACID

an organic molecule acts as an electron donor
(becoming oxidized) and one or more of its organic products
acts as the final electron acceptor.

OXYGEN IS NOT THE FINAL E- ACEPTOR

YELLOW-->PHENOL RED INDICATOR

positive fermentation of glucose

IN METHY RED AND VOGES PROSKAUER TESTS

HOW MANY MEDIAS ARE YOU USING

AFTER ADDING BARRITS REAGENT a (ALPHA NAPTHOL) And BRB + KOH(s/p 3 days)

if reagents cause acetonin to oxidize to diacetyl which further reacts with guanidine nuclei from peptone what color will be produced?

Tests for the precusor of acetoin, which is a precursor of
2,3 butanediol fermentation product

converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and wawter

h2o2--> h2 + o2

Mainly used to distinguish between staphylococcus and streptococcus**

-produced by faculative bacteria to carry out anaerobic respitation

-enzyme catalyzes the transfer of electrons from
cytochrome b to nitrate reducing it to nitrite

confirmed to be negative-

there is no color change
after adding the zinc, then this indicates that the nitrate was reduced a different nitrogenous compound, not nitrite

define oxidation

define reduction

• Oxidation is the loss of electrons

• Reduction is the gain of electrons

medium contains:

- sodium nitrate--C source

- ammonium phosphate--N source

ammonium phsphate into ammonia and ammonium hydroxide, alkaline

bacteria using citrate and survive in media convert ammonium phosphate into ammonia and ammonium hydroxyde causing media to become more alkaline

Blue color represents

green color change

can organism use citrate as sole source of carbon

blue-- org uses citrate as sole Carbon source

green- NO media stay green

intracellular enzymes- catalyze the reaction inside the cell

exoenzymes- secreed from the cell to catalyze the reactions outside the cell

1. starch hydrolysis

2. casease

3. gelatinase

urease

urine comes from the inside

 amylose (linear) -losing streak

amylopectin (branched)- birds peck on trees with variety of directions

alpha-amylase and

oligo 1,6-glucosidase

- yease extract and urea

- has phenol red as pH indicator***

for casein hydrolysis test how do you interpret result??

pos

neg

positive- clear zone

negative result- no clear zone

positive- gel liquid

negative- solid gel

- combination differential media combine compoenents of several compatible tests into one med

- include core test to differentiate members of specific bacterial group

- can be used as a follow up to selective media

sem-solid media

tests: sulfur reduction/ indole prod from tryptophan/ motility

indole production:

function of tryptophanase

(4)

red color

brown means neg

~2/3, upward

TSIA - tripple sugar iron agar

3 tests it provides

sugar utilization

gas production

hydrogen sulfide production

hydrogen sulfide

no color change- no sugars fermented

Fastidious heterotrophs

Nonfastidious heterotrophs

Fastidious heterotrophs – rely heavily on the environment to supply ready-made organic compounds

Nonfastidious heterotrophs – do not rely as heavily on
environment. Can make some of their own compounds.
     ex. Autotrophs are less fastidious than the most nonfastidious heterotrophs.

Bacteria are:

Simple
 Lack a nuclear membrane

 Have circular DNA

Cell surrounded by peptidoglycan

Gently curved rods

part of spirilli

spirochetes

part of spirilli

Gram positive (+) cells have a thicker peptidoglycan
layer.

retain the primary stain of crystal
violet because they have a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan
that traps the dye among its high degree of teichoic acid
crosslinks.

purple

pos dark

counter-intuitive

crystal violet

water

iodine

ethanol

safranin