Streptococcal Diseases

Airborne

• Encapsulated Gram +
• Upper Respiratory Tract

Scarlet Fever

Airborne

Streptococcal Disease

Upper Respiratory

Rheumatic Fever

Airborne

Streptococcal Disease

Upper Respiratory

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Airborne

Streptococcal Disease

Upper Respiratory

Known for Hemolytic Ability

Flesh eating disease

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

• Gram + bacillus
• Generates potent Exotoxin
• Most distinctive symptom is pseudomembrane

Meningococcal Meningitis

Neisseria meningitides

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

• Gram - encapsulated diplococcus
• Meningococcemia - Rapidly fatal septicemia

Haemophilus Meningitis

Haemophilus influenze

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

Whooping Cough

Bordetella pertussis

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

• Gram - rod
• Dangerous childhood disease
• distinctive cough

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Streptocooccus pneumoniae

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

• Pleomorphic, no Gram reaction
• "Walking pneumonia"
• Atypical - not strep pneumoniae
• Viral-like symptoms

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

• Gram - encapsulated rod
• Dangerous misdiagnosis
• more aggressive than Strep
• not susceptible to penicillin

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Foodborne/Waterborne Intoxication

• Gram + anaerobic sporeformer
• Most dangerous food poisoning
• Exotoxin inhibits release of acetylcholine = no muscle contraction, respiratory paralysis

Staphylococal Food Poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus

Foodborne/Waterborne Intoxication

• Gram + coccus
• Second most common food poisoning in U.S.
• Exotoxin = Enterotoxin

Clostiridial Food Poisoning

Clostridium perfringens

Foodborne/Waterborn Intoxication

• Gram + anaerobic sporeformer
• Spores contaminate food which germinate and creates an exotoxin

Typhoid Fever

Salmonella typhi

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

• Gram - rod
• Survives in stomach
• highly invasive
• leads to septecemic state

Salmonellosis

Salmonella typhimurium

Foodborne/Waterborn Infection

• Shigella sonnei
• Shigella dysenteriae
• Shigella flexneri
• Shigella boydii

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Helicobacter pylori

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Brucellosis - "Undulant fever"

Brucella abortus

B. suis

B. mellitensis

B. canis

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Soileborne Disease

Tetanus

Clostridum tetani

Soilborne Disease

Gas Gangrene

Clostridum perfringens

Soilborne Disease

Bubonic Plague

Yersinia pestis

Arthropodborne Disease

• orgs multiply in bloodstreem and localize in lymph nodes ("Buboes")
• Becomes septicemic, leading to pneumonic plague

Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Arthropodborne Disease

• Most common tick-borne disease in U.S.
• Erythema chronicum migrans - "bulls-eye" rash that expands from point of origin

Relapsing Fever

Borrelia recurrentis

Arthopodborne Disease

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii

Rickettsial Disease

• Macules - pink spots
• Papules - pink-red pimples
• Maculopapular rash - fusion of spots
• dark red, then fade

Epidemic Typhus

Rickettsia prowazekii

Rickettsial Disease

• Transmitted by body lice
• characteristic fever and maculopapular rash

Endemic Typhus

Rickettsia typhi

Rickettsial Disease

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

STD

• spirochete
• trasmitted by fucking

1. Primary Syphilis - hard chancre (hard ulcer at site of entry)
2. Secondary Syphilis - fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash, possible liver involvement
3. Tertiary Syphilis - gumma - soft fummy lesion that leads to degeneration of blood vessels in brain

Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

STD

• 2nd most frequently reported STD
• small gram - diplococcus (bean shaped)
• causes abdominal pain and burning urination

Chlamdia

Chlamydia trachomatis

STD

• Number 1 STD causing nongonococal urethritis
• grows only on living tissue
• similar to gonorrhea symptoms but milder

Chancroid

Haemophilus ducreyi

STD

• Worldwide, may be more prevalent than syphilis or gonorrhea
• small Gram - rod
• characterized by soft chancre at site of entry

Leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

Contact Bacterial Disease

• acid-fast rod
• spread by multiple skin contacts or by droplet inhalation
• long incubation period of 3-6 years
• causes disfiguring of skin and bones due to lepromas

Staphylococcus aureus

Stephylococcal Skin Disease

• grape-like cluster of Gram + cocci
• Key characteristic is formation of abscess (pus-filled lesion)
• boil- pimple
• carbuncle - deeper abscess when staph work their way down below skin

• ween in infants
• skin becomes red,wrinkled, tender, and peels, due to exotoxin

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

• Rapidly rising fever, vomiting and diarrhea progressing to sore throat and rash
• sudden drop in blood pressure can occur leading to shock and death
• associated with use of tampons

Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)

Haemophilus aegyptius

• conjunctiva becomes inflamed causing eye to appear pink
• highly contagious

Actinomycosis

Actinomyces israelii

Endogenous Bacterial Disease

Nocardiosis

Nocardia asteroides

Endogenous Bacterial Disease

Pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium difficile

Endogenous Bacterial Disease

Proteus mirabilis

Urinary Tract Infection

Escherichia coli

Urinary Tract Infection

Influenza

Haemophilus influenzae

Pneumotropic Viral Disease

• Acute, contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract tramsmitted by droplet inhalation
• characterized by ability to modulate surface antigens
• Acute onset with sudden chills, fatigue, headache, then 104°C fever

• over 30 types of adenoviruses which cause the common cold
• one strain may cause viral meningitis (aka aseptic meningitis)

• Most common lower respiratory tract disease in children under 2 resulting in viral pneumonia
• when virus infects tissue cells, the tend to fuse forming "giant" cells or syncytia

• over 100 rhinoviruses
• major cause of the common cold
• causes croup in children

Herpes Simplex

Dermatropic Viral Disease

Large viruses

passes among cells by intercellular bridges and remains in the nerve cells until there is a trigger

Type I - inhabits areas above waist

Type II - inhabits areas below waist

actually a herpes virus

highly contagious transmitted by droplet inhalation and skin contact

begins in respiratory tract with fever, headache, then passes into bloodstream and localizes in peripheral nerves and skin

multiplication results in fluid0filled vesicles

• known as shingles
• adult disease form of chickenpox whereby virus multiplies causing painful blistering

• Highly contagious virus
• upper respiratory disease accompanies by fever and characteristic red rash

• Thought to be a mild form of measles, but actually independent clinical entity caused by Togavirus
• mild disease - most dangerous to developing fetus

• Caused by a parvovirus infecting children
• characteristic fiery red rash on cheeks and ears

• characterized by enlarged jaw tissues arising from swollen salivary glands
• mumps virus transmitted by droplet inhalation, contact, and fomites

• First signs are high fever and general weakness, followed by pink-red spots (macules)
• Macules becone papules, then fluid-filled vesicles which form into pustules
• Pules break open and emit infectious pus that leaveves scars or pocks

• caused by human papilloma viruses
• maybe be associated with cervical cancer

• first human disease associated with a virus
• transmitted by mosquitoes, thus referred to as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne)
• can cause jaundice and internal bleeding

• blood disease especially of antibody-producing B-Cells
• caused by Epstein-Barr virus
• causes developement of heart defects, paralysis of face, rupture of spleen and liver

• acute inflammatory disease of the liver
• most commonly transmitted by food or water contaminated by feces of an individual infected with the virus

• second major type of heatitis known as serum hepatitis
• transmission usually involves direct or indirect contact with an infected body fluid
• more sever than A

• Liver damage develops slowly such that cirrhosis is beyond repair by the time it is diagnosed
• most often transmitted by drug injection and somtimes associated with tattoos or body piercing

• commonly caused by rotaviruses
• severe childhood diarrhea
• 24 hour flu

• some are accompanied by severe hemorrhagic lesions
• lassa fever
• Marburg disease
• ebola hemorrhagic fever
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

• Caused by cytomegalovirus
• may be among the most common diseases in U.S.
• fever, malaise, enlarged spleen 

• caused by HIV 
• target is CD4 T-helper lymphocyte which shuts down effective immunity
• transmitted by infected blood or cum

Rabies

Neurotropic Viral Diseases

• highest mortality rate of any human disease
• transmitted by animal bite
• death can come within days from respiratory paralysis

• Poliomyelitis - gray matter of brain and spinal cord affected
• poliovirus ingested in contaminated food or water
• multiplies first in tonsils, then lymphoid tissue in GI tract
• maybe get into bloodstream and cause paralysis

• acute inflammation of the brain
• caused by a series of Togaviruses
• transmitted by mosquitoes
• caharacterized by sudden high fever and severe headache
• may lead to confulsions and coma

• oneo f the most dangerious affecting the lungs and meninges
• transmitted by inhalation
• Org has large gelatinous capsule that is antiphagocytic

small yeast that will overgrow in compromised host

• general name for fungal disease of the hair, skin, and nails
• i.e. athlete's foot, ringworm
• transmitted by contact or fomites

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

• Lung disease prevalent in Ohio river valley
• transmitted by inhalation of spores which may develop into tuberculosis-like lung condition

Coccidiodomycosis

Coccidioides immitis

Blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Aspergillosis

Asperigillus fumigatus

Sporotrichosis

Sporothrix schenkii

1. Skin
2. Mucous Membrane
3. Ciliated Eplithelium
4. Various enzymes
5. Other proteins
6. pH 
7. Inflammatory response
8. Phagocytosis

1. Antibody Mediated immunity (humoral) - defense process thats mediated by antibodies
2. Cell-mediated immunity - defense mechanism mediated by T cells

• T Helper cell
• Chief regulatory cell of the immune system

T cytotoxic cell

precursor to the CTL "killer" cell

CTL

(cytotoxic T lymphocyte)

Line of lymphocytes that produces antibodies

1. genes that control the ability to generate cell mediated functions
2. genes that control the activity of T_H Cells
3. Genes that are involved in the production of components of complement system

1. IGM - first to appear, pentomer
2. IGG - most of them are these, last a long time only antibodies that can cross the placenta
3. IGA - GI tract, respiratory tree, passive transfer in mother's milk
4. IGE - major role in dangerous allergic reactions
5. IGD - early receptor on B - cells

• Important with viruses/toxins
• when antibodies attach to the virus so that they can't get to the cell