Term
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Definition
Any immune response against a foreign antigen exaggerated beyond normal |
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Term
The 4 types of Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Type I (immediate, anaphylactic) Type II (cytotoxic) Type III (immune-complex mediated) Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated) |
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Term
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Definition
(stimulated by antigens --> allergens = allergic antigens) |
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Term
Relationship: allergies and antigens |
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Definition
allergies are localized or systemic reactions that result from release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen |
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Term
Time it takes for allergies to develop |
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Definition
Develop within seconds or minutes following exposure to antigen |
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Term
Specific Antibody associated with allergies |
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Definition
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Term
Cells involved withType I (immediate, anaphylactic)? How? |
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Definition
Th2 is involved in Type I. Th2 puts out IL-4 and stimulates B cell. B cells becomes plasma cell, which secretes IgE. |
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Term
Relationship: TH2, IL-4, B-cells, plasma cell and IGe |
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Definition
Th2 is involved in Type I. Th2 puts out IL-4 and stimulates B cell. B cells becomes plasma cell, which secretes IgE |
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Term
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Definition
Found in sites close to body surfaces e.g. skin, intestinal walls, and airways. |
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Term
Process of an allergic reaction |
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Definition
Th2 puts out IL-4 and stimulates B cell. B cells becomes plasma cell, which secretes IgE. IgE bends to mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Now cells are sensitized, or primed. Degranulation then occurs, and allergic reactions take place. |
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Term
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Definition
large granules in cytoplasm ⁃ Granules contain a mixture of potent inflammatory chemicals |
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Term
Mast cells released during degranulation |
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Definition
Histamine, kinins and Proteases |
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Term
Fnx: Histamine, Kinins and Proteases |
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Definition
(all are mast cells that are involved in degranulation) Histamine - smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability and irritation
Kinins - smooth muscle contraction, inflammation and irritation
Proteases - damage tissue and activate complement |
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Term
Mast cells that are synthesized in response to inflammation |
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Definition
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins |
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Term
Fns: Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins |
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Definition
(both are mast cells that are synthesized in response to inflammation) Leukotrienes - slow, prolonged smooth muscle contraction
Prostaglandins - some contract smooth muscle, others relax it |
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Term
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Definition
Granules filled with inflammatory chemicals similar to chemicals in mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
*(sensitized basophils)-bind IgE and degranulate in same way as mast cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Granules that contain inflammatory mediators and leukotrienes that contribute to the severity of a hypersensitivity response (allergic reaction) |
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Term
Relationship: Mast cells and Eosinophils in hypersensitivity response |
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Definition
Mast cell degranulation stimulates the release of eosinophils. Which migrate to the site of mast cell degranulation where eosinophils degranulate. |
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Term
A form of allergic rhinitis is also known as? |
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Definition
Hay Fever = allergic rhinitis |
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Term
Typical severity of Type I hypersensitivity reactions |
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Definition
usually mild and localized |
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Term
Site of reactions is dependent upon |
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Definition
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Term
Inhaled allergens may cause |
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Definition
hay fever (allergic rhinitis) |
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Term
Type I hypersensitivity - upper respiratory tract response (distinguish signs and symptoms) |
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Definition
watery nasal discharge (sign) sneezing (sign and symptom) and excessive tear production (sign and symptom) itchy throat and eyes (symptom) |
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Term
The etiological agents of Upper Respiratory response |
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Definition
Etiologic agents: mold spores, pollens, flowering plants, some trees, and dust mites |
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Term
Inhaled allergens that are small and can reach lungs may cause |
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Definition
asthma - lower respiratory tract response |
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Term
Lower Respiratory response: Signs/Symptoms |
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Definition
Signs/symptoms: wheezing, coughing, excessive mucus production, and constriction of smooth muscles of bronchi |
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Term
Ingested allergens (examples) |
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Definition
Ingested allergens - foods e.g. strawberries, peanuts, shellfish, cow's milk |
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Term
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Definition
Signs/symptoms: diarrhea, uticaria (wheal and flare) = hives and other GI signs and symptoms e.g. swollen lips, abdominal cramps, nausea ⁃ Peanuts and shell fish can cause anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
food allergies to: Peanuts and shell fish |
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Term
A skin allergen (Type 1) aka: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) - elevated IgE levels, reddened skin rash, and periodic intense itching. Causative allergen unclear. |
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Term
Type 1 skin hypersensitivity produces? how? |
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Definition
Produces uticaria - due to release of histamine and other mediators into nearby skin and tissue and serum leakage from blood vessels |
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Term
Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Administer drugs that counteract inflammatory mediators released by degranulation |
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Term
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Definition
treated with inhalant containing corticosteroid and bronchodilator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Epinephrine (adrenalin, bronchodilator, adrenergic antagonist) - neutralizes many of the mechanisms of anaphylaxis |
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Term
How does Epinephrine alleviate asthma |
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Definition
Relaxes smooth muscles and reduces vascular permeability |
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Term
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Definition
Used in emergency treatment of severe asthma and anaphylactic shock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Describe Type 2 (cytotoxic response) |
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Definition
Results when an immune response destroys cells. Often due to combined activities of complement and antibodies. |
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Term
2 examples of Type 2 (cytotoxic) immune response |
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Definition
1. Destruction of RBCs following incompatible blood transfusion
2. Rh System and Hemolytic Disease of Newborns |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Describe interaction of blood types and what permits multiple interaction? |
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Definition
Blood type A can receive from type A or O, type B can receive from B or O, type AB can receive from A, B, AB, or O, type O can receive from O. • Cannot receive blood for other blood types due to antibodies present that fight against foreign blood types. |
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Term
Cause of Type 3 immune response |
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Definition
Due to formation of antigen-antibody complexes = immune-complexes |
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Term
Type III (immune-complex mediated): systemic related conditions |
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Definition
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ⁃ Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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Term
Type III (immune-complex mediated): localized related conditions |
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Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Glomerulonephritis |
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Term
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
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Definition
Individuals become sensitized upon antigen inhalation deep into lungs --> stimulating antibody production |
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Term
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: allergen examples |
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Definition
Allergens e.g. mold spores (from moldy hay, mushrooms), dust from pigeon feces or old books ⁃ Subsequent inhalation of same antigen stimulates immune complex formation --> complement activation |
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Term
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Definition
( type 3) Deposition of immune complexes circulating in bloodstream glomeruli (small blood vessels in kidneys) walls ⁃ Damage to glomerular cells impedes blood filtration ⁃ Result: kidney failure and ultimately death |
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Term
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated) |
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Definition
Inflammation resulting from contact with certain antigens occurring after 12-24 hours |
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Term
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated): result from which specific interactions |
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Definition
Results from interactions of antigens, APCs, and T cells ⁃ Delay in response reflects time macrophages and T cells take to migrate and proliferate at site of antigen location |
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Term
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated): 4 examples |
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Definition
1.Tuberculin response 2.Allergic contact dermatitis 3.Graft rejection 4. |
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Term
(Tuberculin response) *Type 4: An Individual never infected or vaccinated will display what type of response? |
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Definition
no response when tuberculin injected to skin |
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Term
(Tuberculin response) *Type 4: An Individual - past exposure |
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Definition
Red, hard swelling = induration surround by erythema develops |
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Term
Allergic contact dermatitis |
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Definition
Cell-mediated immune response --> intensely irritating skin rash ⁃ Response triggered by chemically modified skin proteins (foreign to body) |
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Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: example |
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Definition
Can occur when hapten e.g. oil (from poison ivy and related plants) binds to proteins on skin |
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Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: what occurs in severe cases |
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Definition
Severe cases - Tc cells destroy so many skin cells that develop acellular, fluid-filled blisters |
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Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: examples of haptens |
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Definition
haptens - formaldehyde, cosmetics, metal jewelry - containing nickel, chrome, and latex (gloves) |
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Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: treatment drug |
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Definition
Can be treated with corticosteroids |
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Term
Type 1 examples **less than 30min before clinical signs** |
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Definition
anaphylatic shock from drug injections and insect venom common allergic conditions: hay fever and asthma |
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Term
In terms of portal of entry: Systemic vs. Local anaphylaxis |
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Definition
Systemic: usually via injection Local: usually ingested (food) or inhaled (pollen) |
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Term
Type 2 (cytotoxic reactions) usually involve which two types of antibodies: |
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Definition
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Term
The most common cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions are: |
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Definition
transfusion reactions (involving blood) |
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Term
Individuals with Type A have what antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
Individuals with Type B have what antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
Individuals with Type O have what antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
Individuals with Type AB have what antibodies? |
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Definition
no antibodies to either A or B |
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Term
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Definition
those that posses the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
those that lack the RBC antigen |
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Term
What will occur if blood from an Rh+ donor is given to an Rh- recipient? |
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Definition
the donor's RBC's stimulate the production of anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient. If the recipient then receives Rh+ RBCs in a subsequent transfusion, a rapid, serious hemolytic reaction will develop. |
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Term
Describe the interaction of an Rh+ child and a Rh- mother |
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Definition
The Rh- mother can become sensitized to this antigen during birth when the placental membranes tear and the fetal Rh+ RBCs enter the maternal circulation, causing the mother's body to produce anti-Rh antibodies of the IgG type |
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Term
Describe the interaction of an Rh+ child and a Rh- mother of a subsequent pregnancy |
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Definition
the mothers anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal RBCs. The fetal body responds to this immune attack by produing large numbers of immature RBCs called erythroblasts (aka Hemolytic disease of the newborn). **IgG antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs |
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Term
Hemolytic disease of the newborn can cause the child to develop which conditions at birth |
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Definition
stillbirth or jaundiced child (severe anemia) |
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Term
If father and mother are Rh+ and child is +/-, (1st child)- will there be hemolysis |
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Definition
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Term
If father is +, mother is -, and child is +: hemolysis? 1st child? 2nd child? |
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Definition
no hemolysis for 1st child, but yes for 2nd child and subsequent children. |
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Term
Prevention of hemolytic disease of newborn |
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Definition
Administration of anti-Rh serum (Rhogam) to Rh negative pregnant women |
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Term
Would Rh- or + women receive anti-Rh serum (Rhogam) |
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Definition
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Term
Describe RhoGAM (anti-Rh immune globulin) and what it prevents |
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Definition
administered to at risk mother at 1st pregnancy - within 1st 24-72 hours (preferable within 1st few hours) after delivery or abortion of Rh positive child ⁃ Helps activate and remove fetal Rh+ cells before mother's immune system can react and she becomes sensitized ⁃ Destroys any fetal RBCs that entered maternal body ⁃ Sensitization of mother does not occur and subsequent pregnancies are safer |
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Term
The primary antigens involved in Type 3 (immune complexes) |
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Definition
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Term
The potential result of Glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
kidney failure and ultimately death |
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Term
Why is the reaction of a Type 4 response delayed |
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Definition
It takes time for the T cells and macrophages to migrate to an accumulate near the foreign antigens. |
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Term
If the recipient has (or has had) a previous infection by tuberculosis bacteria, what will be the reaction |
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Definition
an inflammatory reaction to the injection of these antigens will appear on the skin in 1-2 days |
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Term
Allergic contact dermatitis is associated with which type of immune response |
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Definition
Type 4 (delayed-cell -mediated hypersensitivity) |
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Term
A patch test is associated with which type of immune response |
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Definition
Type 4 ( to identify the environmental factors causing dermatitis-samples of the materials will be patched to the skin for 48hrs) |
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Term
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Definition
*most successful - taking a burn patients uninjured skin to culture extensive sheets of new skin |
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Term
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Definition
*2nd most successful a tranplant between twins (whom have identical genetic makeup) |
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Term
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Definition
*3rd most successful ( usually btwn Genetically different member of same species) -grafts between people who are not identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
-different species. Least successful. - graft taken from tissues or organs that have been transplanted from animals |
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Term
graft rejection by host (recipient) |
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Definition
-Rejection of transplanted tissues or organs - normal immune response against foreign MHC glycoproteins on surface of graft cells |
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Term
Which cells are responsible for recognition of foreign proteins in a graft |
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Definition
Tc cell mediated recognition of foreign MHC proteins |
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Term
Which MHC class is associated with grafts |
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Definition
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Term
The mechanism of Tc cells in grafts |
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Definition
Host Tc cells release IL-2 • Amplifies Th and Tc cells specific to foreign antigens on the donated cells ⁃ Tc cells bind to the grafted tissue and secrete lymphokines that begin the rejection process within 2 weeks of transplantation |
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Term
Likelihood of graft rejection depends on |
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Definition
degree of "foreignness" of graft to recipient |
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Term
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) |
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Definition
Occurs when donated bone marrow cells regard patient cells as foreign and produce an immune response against patient cells |
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Term
What happens if: donor and recipient differ in MHC class I molecules |
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Definition
grafted T cells attack all of recipient's tissues ⁃ Produce destructive lesions in skin and intestines |
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Term
What happens if donor and recipient differ in MHC class II molecules |
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Definition
grafted T cells attack host APCs of host ⁃ Leads to immunosuppression |
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Term
Describe Privileged sites |
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Definition
- a site that does not stimulate an immune response to a graft or transplant AKA immunologically privileged site |
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Term
What are the privileged sites |
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Definition
Brain lack lymphatic vessels, brain blood vessel walls impermeable to lymphocytes e.g. T cells ⁃ Cornea - lacks extensive blood vessels ⁃ Eyes and testes - contain naturally high levels of immunosuppressive molecules ⁃ Other sites - either lack dendritic cells or express low levels of MHC molecules, so AP does not occur |
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Term
What is not a privileged sit but is not usually rejected |
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Definition
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