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Microbio-final-lect 2 (nov17)
Micro-bio Autoimmune
100
Microbiology
Not Applicable
12/01/2010

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Term
Hypersensitivity
Definition
Any immune response against a foreign antigen exaggerated beyond normal
Term
The 4 types of Hypersensitivity
Definition
Type I (immediate, anaphylactic)
Type II (cytotoxic)
Type III (immune-complex mediated)
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated)
Term
Allergies
Definition
(stimulated by antigens --> allergens = allergic antigens)
Term
Relationship: allergies and antigens
Definition
allergies are localized or systemic reactions that result from release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen
Term
Time it takes for allergies to develop
Definition
Develop within seconds or minutes following exposure to antigen
Term
Specific Antibody associated with allergies
Definition
Antibody involved is IgE
Term
Cells involved withType I (immediate, anaphylactic)? How?
Definition
Th2 is involved in Type I. Th2 puts out IL-4 and stimulates B cell. B cells becomes plasma cell, which secretes IgE.
Term
Relationship: TH2, IL-4, B-cells, plasma cell and IGe
Definition
Th2 is involved in Type I. Th2 puts out IL-4 and stimulates B cell. B cells becomes plasma cell, which secretes IgE
Term
Mast cells
Definition
Found in sites close to body surfaces e.g. skin, intestinal walls, and airways.
Term
Process of an allergic reaction
Definition
Th2 puts out IL-4 and stimulates B cell. B cells becomes plasma cell, which secretes IgE. IgE bends to mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Now cells are sensitized, or primed. Degranulation then occurs, and allergic reactions take place.
Term
Mast cells: features
Definition
large granules in cytoplasm
⁃ Granules contain a mixture of potent inflammatory chemicals
Term
Mast cells released during degranulation
Definition
Histamine, kinins and Proteases
Term
Fnx: Histamine, Kinins and Proteases
Definition
(all are mast cells that are involved in degranulation)
Histamine - smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability and irritation

Kinins - smooth muscle contraction, inflammation and irritation

Proteases - damage tissue and activate complement
Term
Mast cells that are synthesized in response to inflammation
Definition
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
Term
Fns: Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
Definition
(both are mast cells that are synthesized in response to inflammation)
Leukotrienes - slow, prolonged smooth muscle contraction

Prostaglandins - some contract smooth muscle, others relax it
Term
Basophils
Definition
Granules filled with inflammatory chemicals similar to chemicals in mast cells
Term
Basophils: fnx
Definition
*(sensitized basophils)-bind IgE and degranulate in same way as mast cells.
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Granules that contain inflammatory mediators and leukotrienes that contribute to the severity of a hypersensitivity response (allergic reaction)
Term
Relationship: Mast cells and Eosinophils in hypersensitivity response
Definition
Mast cell degranulation stimulates the release of eosinophils. Which migrate to the site of mast cell degranulation where eosinophils degranulate.
Term
A form of allergic rhinitis is also known as?
Definition
Hay Fever = allergic rhinitis
Term
Typical severity of Type I hypersensitivity reactions
Definition
usually mild and localized
Term
Site of reactions is dependent upon
Definition
Portal of entry
Term
Inhaled allergens may cause
Definition
hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
Term
Type I hypersensitivity - upper respiratory tract response (distinguish signs and symptoms)
Definition
watery nasal discharge (sign)
sneezing (sign and symptom)
and excessive tear production (sign and symptom)
itchy throat and eyes (symptom)
Term
The etiological agents of Upper Respiratory response
Definition
Etiologic agents: mold spores, pollens, flowering plants, some trees, and dust mites
Term
Inhaled allergens that are small and can reach lungs may cause
Definition
asthma - lower respiratory tract response
Term
Lower Respiratory response: Signs/Symptoms
Definition
Signs/symptoms: wheezing, coughing, excessive mucus production, and constriction of smooth muscles of bronchi
Term
Ingested allergens (examples)
Definition
Ingested allergens - foods e.g. strawberries, peanuts, shellfish, cow's milk
Term
Food allergies:
Definition
Signs/symptoms: diarrhea, uticaria (wheal and flare) = hives and other GI signs and symptoms e.g. swollen lips, abdominal cramps, nausea
⁃ Peanuts and shell fish can cause anaphylaxis
Term
What causes anaphylaxis
Definition
food allergies to: Peanuts and shell fish
Term
A skin allergen (Type 1) aka:
Definition
Local dermatitis
Term
Eczema
Definition
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) - elevated IgE levels, reddened skin rash, and periodic intense itching. Causative allergen unclear.
Term
Type 1 skin hypersensitivity produces? how?
Definition
Produces uticaria - due to release of histamine and other mediators into nearby skin and tissue and serum leakage from blood vessels
Term
Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition
Administer drugs that counteract inflammatory mediators released by degranulation
Term
Treatment for Asthma
Definition
treated with inhalant containing corticosteroid and bronchodilator
Term
Antihistamines Fnx:
Definition
neutralize histamine
Term
What does Epinephrine do
Definition
Epinephrine (adrenalin, bronchodilator, adrenergic antagonist) - neutralizes many of the mechanisms of anaphylaxis
Term
How does Epinephrine alleviate asthma
Definition
Relaxes smooth muscles and reduces vascular permeability
Term
When is Epinephrine
Definition
Used in emergency treatment of severe asthma and anaphylactic shock
Term
Epinephrine replacements
Definition
albuterol and salmeterol
Term
Describe Type 2 (cytotoxic response)
Definition
Results when an immune response destroys cells. Often due to combined activities of complement and antibodies.
Term
2 examples of Type 2 (cytotoxic) immune response
Definition
1. Destruction of RBCs following incompatible blood transfusion

2. Rh System and Hemolytic Disease of Newborns
Term
Blood types (4):
Definition
Blood types A, B, AB, O
Term
Describe interaction of blood types and what permits multiple interaction?
Definition
Blood type A can receive from type A or O, type B can receive from B or O, type AB can receive from A, B, AB, or O, type O can receive from O.
• Cannot receive blood for other blood types due to antibodies present that fight against foreign blood types.
Term
Cause of Type 3 immune response
Definition
Due to formation of antigen-antibody complexes = immune-complexes
Term
Type III (immune-complex mediated): systemic related conditions
Definition
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
⁃ Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Term
Type III (immune-complex mediated): localized related conditions
Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Glomerulonephritis
Term
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Definition
Individuals become sensitized upon antigen inhalation deep into lungs --> stimulating antibody production
Term
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: allergen examples
Definition
Allergens e.g. mold spores (from moldy hay, mushrooms), dust from pigeon feces or old books
⁃ Subsequent inhalation of same antigen stimulates immune complex formation --> complement activation
Term
Glomerulonephritis
Definition
( type 3) Deposition of immune complexes circulating in bloodstream glomeruli (small blood vessels in kidneys) walls
⁃ Damage to glomerular cells impedes blood filtration
⁃ Result: kidney failure and ultimately death
Term
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated)
Definition
Inflammation resulting from contact with certain antigens occurring after 12-24 hours
Term
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated): result from which specific interactions
Definition
Results from interactions of antigens, APCs, and T cells
⁃ Delay in response reflects time macrophages and T cells take to migrate and proliferate at site of antigen location
Term
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated): 4 examples
Definition
1.Tuberculin response
2.Allergic contact dermatitis
3.Graft rejection
4.
Term
(Tuberculin response) *Type 4: An Individual never infected or vaccinated will display what type of response?
Definition
no response when tuberculin injected to skin
Term
(Tuberculin response) *Type 4: An Individual - past exposure
Definition
Red, hard swelling = induration surround by erythema develops
Term
Allergic contact dermatitis
Definition
Cell-mediated immune response --> intensely irritating skin rash
⁃ Response triggered by chemically modified skin proteins (foreign to body)
Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: example
Definition
Can occur when hapten e.g. oil (from poison ivy and related plants) binds to proteins on skin
Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: what occurs in severe cases
Definition
Severe cases - Tc cells destroy so many skin cells that develop acellular, fluid-filled blisters
Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: examples of haptens
Definition
haptens - formaldehyde, cosmetics, metal jewelry - containing nickel, chrome, and latex (gloves)
Term
Allergic contact dermatitis: treatment drug
Definition
Can be treated with corticosteroids
Term
Type 1 examples
**less than 30min before clinical signs**
Definition
anaphylatic shock from drug injections and insect venom
common allergic conditions: hay fever and asthma
Term
In terms of portal of entry: Systemic vs. Local anaphylaxis
Definition
Systemic: usually via injection
Local: usually ingested (food) or inhaled (pollen)
Term
Type 2 (cytotoxic reactions) usually involve which two types of antibodies:
Definition
IgG or IgM
Term
The most common cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions are:
Definition
transfusion reactions (involving blood)
Term
Individuals with Type A have what antibodies?
Definition
anti-B antibodies
Term
Individuals with Type B have what antibodies?
Definition
Anti-A bodies
Term
Individuals with Type O have what antibodies?
Definition
both A and B antibodies
Term
Individuals with Type AB have what antibodies?
Definition
no antibodies to either A or B
Term
Rh+
Definition
those that posses the antigen
Term
Rh-
Definition
those that lack the RBC antigen
Term
What will occur if blood from an Rh+ donor is given to an Rh- recipient?
Definition
the donor's RBC's stimulate the production of anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient. If the recipient then receives Rh+ RBCs in a subsequent transfusion, a rapid, serious hemolytic reaction will develop.
Term
Describe the interaction of an Rh+ child and a Rh- mother
Definition
The Rh- mother can become sensitized to this antigen during birth when the placental membranes tear and the fetal Rh+ RBCs enter the maternal circulation, causing the mother's body to produce anti-Rh antibodies of the IgG type
Term
Describe the interaction of an Rh+ child and a Rh- mother of a subsequent pregnancy
Definition
the mothers anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal RBCs. The fetal body responds to this immune attack by produing large numbers of immature RBCs called erythroblasts (aka Hemolytic disease of the newborn). **IgG antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs
Term
Hemolytic disease of the newborn can cause the child to develop which conditions at birth
Definition
stillbirth or jaundiced child (severe anemia)
Term
If father and mother are Rh+ and child is +/-, (1st child)- will there be hemolysis
Definition
no hemolysis
Term
If father is +, mother is -, and child is +: hemolysis? 1st child? 2nd child?
Definition
no hemolysis for 1st child, but yes for 2nd child and subsequent children.
Term
Prevention of hemolytic disease of newborn
Definition
Administration of anti-Rh serum (Rhogam) to Rh negative pregnant women
Term
Would Rh- or + women receive anti-Rh serum (Rhogam)
Definition
Rh-
Term
Describe RhoGAM (anti-Rh immune globulin) and what it prevents
Definition
administered to at risk mother at 1st pregnancy - within 1st 24-72 hours (preferable within 1st few hours) after delivery or abortion of Rh positive child
⁃ Helps activate and remove fetal Rh+ cells before mother's immune system can react and she becomes sensitized
⁃ Destroys any fetal RBCs that entered maternal body
⁃ Sensitization of mother does not occur and subsequent pregnancies are safer
Term
The primary antigens involved in Type 3 (immune complexes)
Definition
IgG
Term
The potential result of Glomerulonephritis
Definition
kidney failure and ultimately death
Term
Why is the reaction of a Type 4 response delayed
Definition
It takes time for the T cells and macrophages to migrate to an accumulate near the foreign antigens.
Term
If the recipient has (or has had) a previous infection by tuberculosis bacteria, what will be the reaction
Definition
an inflammatory reaction to the injection of these antigens will appear on the skin in 1-2 days
Term
Allergic contact dermatitis is associated with which type of immune response
Definition
Type 4 (delayed-cell -mediated hypersensitivity)
Term
A patch test is associated with which type of immune response
Definition
Type 4 ( to identify the environmental factors causing dermatitis-samples of the materials will be patched to the skin for 48hrs)
Term
Autograft
Definition
*most successful
- taking a burn patients uninjured skin to culture extensive sheets of new skin
Term
Isograft
Definition
*2nd most successful
a tranplant between twins (whom have identical genetic makeup)
Term
Allografts
Definition
*3rd most successful ( usually btwn Genetically different member of same species)
-grafts between people who are not identical twins
Term
Xenograft:
Definition
-different species. Least successful.
- graft taken from tissues or organs that have been transplanted from animals
Term
graft rejection by host (recipient)
Definition
-Rejection of transplanted tissues or organs
- normal immune response against foreign MHC glycoproteins on surface of graft cells
Term
Which cells are responsible for recognition of foreign proteins in a graft
Definition
Tc cell mediated recognition of foreign MHC proteins
Term
Which MHC class is associated with grafts
Definition
Mainly MHC Class I
Term
The mechanism of Tc cells in grafts
Definition
Host Tc cells release IL-2
• Amplifies Th and Tc cells specific to foreign antigens on the donated cells
⁃ Tc cells bind to the grafted tissue and secrete lymphokines that begin the rejection process within 2 weeks of transplantation
Term
Likelihood of graft rejection depends on
Definition
degree of "foreignness" of graft to recipient
Term
Graft versus host disease (GVHD)
Definition
Occurs when donated bone marrow cells regard patient cells as foreign and produce an immune response against patient cells
Term
What happens if: donor and recipient differ in MHC class I molecules
Definition
grafted T cells attack all of recipient's tissues
⁃ Produce destructive lesions in skin and intestines
Term
What happens if donor and recipient differ in MHC class II molecules
Definition
grafted T cells attack host APCs of host
⁃ Leads to immunosuppression
Term
Describe Privileged sites
Definition
- a site that does not stimulate an immune response to a graft or transplant
AKA immunologically privileged site
Term
What are the privileged sites
Definition
Brain lack lymphatic vessels, brain blood vessel walls impermeable to lymphocytes e.g. T cells
⁃ Cornea - lacks extensive blood vessels
⁃ Eyes and testes - contain naturally high levels of immunosuppressive molecules
⁃ Other sites - either lack dendritic cells or express low levels of MHC molecules, so AP does not occur
Term
What is not a privileged sit but is not usually rejected
Definition
Fetus
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