Term
Which is a preventative measure to protect a person against future attack by a pathogen?
a. antiserum injection
b. artificial passive immunity
c. vaccination
d. none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The process by which white blood cells ingest and kill bacteria is called ________.
a. pinocytosis
b. complement fixation
c. phagocytosis
d. endocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
B cells
a. present antigen
b. differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies
c. interact with helper T cells
d. all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are cell surface proteins which bind antigen and are markers of self
a. immunoglobins
b. major histocompatibility complex proteins
c. T cell receptors
d. all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
T cells interact with antigen-MHC complex using
a. cytokines.
b. granzyme and perforin.
c. T-cell receptors.
d. the antibodies present on the surface of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
Exotoxins:
Select one:
a. are secreted toxins
b. are only produced by gram-negative bacteria
c. are equivalent to LPS portion of the bacterial cell wall
d. serve as adhesins for mucosal pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
Part of _________ immunity are receptor signaling systems which react to ___________ specific proteins like peptidoglycan and flagellin.
a. adaptive, bacterial
b. innate, viral
c. innate, pathogen
d. adaptive, host |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following bacterial cell surface protein structures function in the attachment process?
a. fimbriae
b. pili
c. both fimbriae and pili
d. none of the above |
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Definition
| c. both fimbriae and pili |
|
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Term
The B cell receptor for antigens
a. is a membrane-bound form of an antibody
b. Has gamma and delta chains
c. Binds to the MHC class I receptor
d. Interacts with antigen presenting cells like macrophages
e. Is a pattern recognition receptor |
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Definition
| a. is a membrane-bound form of an antibody |
|
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Term
The life-threatening condition that may develop during a type I hypersensitivity reaction is called
a. anaphylaxis.
b. septic shock.
c. stroke.
d. toxic shock. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which is an example of the acquisition of natural passive immunity?
Select one:
a. a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk
b. a person who received his or her yearly influenza vaccine
c. a person who caught the chickenpox
d. a person who received tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail |
|
Definition
| a. a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk |
|
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Term
______________ link MHC proteins and T cell receptors in an antigen _____________ manner.
Select one:
a. Antibodies, specific
b. Class III MHC proteins, dependent
c. Superantigens, independent Correct
d. M proteins, indepenndent |
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Definition
| c. Superantigens, independent |
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Term
Memory T cells allow quick response to subsequent exposure to antigen because
Select one:
a. they don't need to be activated by T helper cells.
b. they have pre made antibodies ready to be released.
c. they do not require as specific of an antigen form.
d. all of the above. |
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Definition
| a. they don't need to be activated by T helper cells. Correct |
|
|
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity is caused by release of vasoactive products from what type of cell?
Select one:
a. IgE coated monocyte
b. IgA coated natural killer cell
c. IgE coated mast cell
d. IgG coated phagocyte |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The molecular mediators of inflammation include
Select one:
a. chemokines
b. collagen
c. cytokines
d. chemokines and cytokines |
|
Definition
| d. chemokines and cytokines |
|
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Term
B cells and T cells are produced in _______
Select one:
a. the blood plasma
b. the liver.
c. the bone marrow.
d. the small intestine. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The adaptive immune response, as compared to the innate response, takes longer to provide effective immunity.
Select one:
a. True
b. False |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Antibody variable regions ______. Constant regions_________ by changing shape.
Select one:
a. bind antigen, dissolve
b. bind antigen, signal that foreign antigen has been bound
c. have enzyme activity, polymerize
d. signal immune cells, fold |
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Definition
| b. bind antigen, signal that foreign antigen has been bound |
|
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Term
The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to:
Select one:
a. activate T cells.
b. display antigen fragments.
c. process antigens.
d. produce antibodies.
e. A, B, C only. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
Select one:
a. are markers of self.
b. are the only means by which T cells interact with antigens
c. are made from two heavy chains and one light chain
d. A, B, but not C |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the complement proteins in our immune system?
Select one:
a. Fast acting
b. can lyse cells
c. strictly interacts with antibodies
d. enhance phagocytosis of pathogens |
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Definition
| c. strictly interacts with antibodies |
|
|
Term
_________ are a group of proteins present in the blood that bind to and kill pathogens.
Select one:
a. Toll receptors
b. Interferons
c. Complement proteins
d. B cells and T cells. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
All antigens are immunogens.
Select one:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After activation, B cell receptor molecules (BCR) become?
Select one:
a. antibodies
b. T cell receptors
c. complement proteins
d. Enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The 100 million types of B cell receptors that allow effective response to a dazzling diversity of antigens are due to
Select one:
a. an dazzling number of genes each coding unique B cell receptors/antibodies.
b. uptake of pathogenic genes.
c. modular gene segments that can combine in numerous ways to produce single Ig gene.
d. amino acid trading among polypetides that make up the heavy and light chains |
|
Definition
| C. modular gene segments that can combine in numerous ways to produce single Ig gene. Correct |
|
|
Term
Identify the component that is NOT part of innate immune defenses.
Select one:
a. monocytes
b. cytotoxic T cells
c. toll-like receptors
d. macrophage |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Humans are a dead end host for West Nile Virus.
Select one:
True
False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an obligate intra cellular pathogen.
Select one:
a. Streptococus
b. Ricksettia
c. plasmodium
d. all of these choices |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following best explains why a tick bite doesn't always lead to lyme infection?
Select one:
a. tick wasn't infected
b. tick fed for a short time
c. tick was an American dog tick (i.e. not Ixodes scapularis/'deer tick')
d. all of these choices |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not an emerging disease in the United States
Select one:
a. West Nile Virus
b. Chagas
c. Influenza
d. Chickunguna |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Worldwide one of the most common causes of death in HIV positive patients is TB (tuberculosis)
Select one:
a. True
b. false
c. unknown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Factors that have led to an increase in nosocomical, or hospital-acquired infections,
include ____ .
Select one:
a. lots of sick people
b. antibiotic overuse
c. invasive medical devices and procedures
d. all of these choices |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following diseases does the DTaP vaccine NOT protect against?
Select one:
a. Diptheria
b. Typhoid
c. Tetanus
d. Pertussis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyrogens
Select one:
a. is the causative agent of 'strep throat.'
b. can cause Scarlet fever, impetigo, and has been implicated in eating flesh.
c. can be associated with exotoxin that acts as a superantigen.
d. all of the these answers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about tuberculosis?
Select one:
a. Mycobacterial resistance to isoniazid and other drugs is increasing.
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects macrophages.
c. The disease agent infects about 1/3 of the world's population.
d. The life-long immunity to TB is due to cell-mediated immunity.
e. All of the answers. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Morbidity statistics more precisely define the health of a population than mortality statistics.
Select one:
a. True
b. False |
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Definition
|
|
Term
To control a disease in a population, 100% immunization is necessary.
Select one:
a. True
b. False |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following is a factor in why a new human pathogen may emerge?
Select one:
a. Urbanization
b. travel and commerce
c. microbial adaptation
d. all of the above |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following is true regarding HIV/AIDS.
Select one:
a. HIV causes an acute and fatal infection.
b. Opportunistic infections with the onset of AIDS is what kills an HIV infected person.
c. HIV infection is a sccociated with an initial and remarkably rapid decline in CD4+ cells.
d. By the time a patient develops AIDS their viral count is very low. |
|
Definition
| b. Opportunistic infections with the onset of AIDS is what kills an HIV infected person |
|
|
Term
Reassortment of the genes of the influenza virus is associated with _____________.
Select one:
a. Purple Rain
b. Antigenic shift
c. Antigenic drift
d. colds |
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Definition
|
|
Term
After a B cell is activated, it no longer needs T cell interactions or cytokines to make antibody.
Select one:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemokines are a group of small proteins that
Select one:
a. attract T cells to sites of injury.
b. function as chemoattractants for phagocytes and lymphocytes.
c. potentiate specific immune responses.
d. are all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PRR's are found on which of the following cells?
Select one:
a. macrophages
b. monocytes
c. neutrophils
d. all of the above |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following roles do B cells play?
Select one:
a. antigen presentation
b. antigen processing
c. antigen uptake
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are cell surface proteins that interact directly with antigens during the adaptive immune response?
Select one:
a. Immunoglobins
b. major histocompatibility complex
c. T cell receptors
d. all of the above |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The mechanism by which antigen-reactive cells respond to foreign antigens while ignoring self antigens is called ______________.
Select one:
a. T-cell activation
T cell activation
b. clonal selection
c. signal transduction
d. allelic exclusion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The EIA test for HIV infection is a direct test for HIV envelope proteins.
Select one:
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Factors rendering EIA a useful immunodiagnostic tool include
Select one:
a. sensitivity.
b. speed.
c. long shelf life.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The blotting of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose paper, and the subsequent identification by specific antibodies is called
Select one:
a. Western blot
b. Eastern blot
c. Southern blot
d. Northern blot |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Immunoblot tests for HIV screening are NOT likely to supplant the EIA screening method, because
Select one:
a. they are more costly than EIA
b. they are more labor intensive than EIA
c. they are more time-consuming to perform than EIA
d. all of the above |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following has the highest mutation rate?
Select one:
a. Escheria coli
b. HIV
c. staphylococcus aureus
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is
Select one:
a. host to host.
b. a common source.
c. insect vector.
d. mechanical vector. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which stage of an acute infectious disease occurs between the time the organism begins to grow in the host and the appearance of disease symptoms?
Select one:
a. acute period
b. decline period
c. infection
d. incubation period |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Hantaviruses are most commonly transmitted by ________________ of virus contaminated rodent _____________________.
Select one:
a. inhalation/ saliva
b. inhalation/ excreta
c. ingestion/ saliva
d. ingestiona/ excreta |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The disease whose symptoms are most closely related to the symptoms of chronic syphilis is
Select one:
a. Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
b. latent Lyme disease.
c. typhus.
d. HPS. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Malaria is
Select one:
a. the most common cause of death due to infectious disease world wide.
b. prevented and treated with chloroquine and closely related drugs.
c. controlled primarily by controlling mosquito vector.
d. all of these options |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following pathogens is MOST closely related to human mitochondria?
Select one:
a. Borrelia burgdorferi
b. Plasmodium falciparum
c. Rickettsia prowazekit
d. Yersinia pestis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following conditions REDUCES the efficiency of red blood cells?
Select one:
a. thalassemia
b. sickle-cell anemia
c. G6PD deficiency
d. both thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia |
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Definition
| d. . both thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia |
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