Term
what are the three divisions of animal kingdom for parasites? |
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Definition
1. protozoa-single cell 2. Metazoa-multicellular 3. External-fleas,lice |
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Term
what are the 4 classes in the phylum protozoa? |
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Definition
1.rhizopodea 2.zoo mastigophorea 3. sporozoa 4. ciliata |
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Term
what are the protozoan zoo mastigophorea commonly called? |
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Definition
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Term
which protozoan class has no external organs of locomotion? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the only pathogenic member of the ciliata class of protozoa? |
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Definition
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Term
The majority of protozoan infections of the human GI tract involve which 4 species? |
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Definition
1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Balantidum coli 3. Giardia lamblia 4. Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Term
The majority of protozoan infections of the human GI tract involve which 4 species? |
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Definition
1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Balantidum coli 3. Giardia lamblia 4. Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Term
Circulating antibodies do not, by themselves destroy invaders. They work in 4 general ways (PLAN) |
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Definition
P-Phagocytosis-antibodies, acting as opsonins, mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytosis L-Lysis. Antibodies attached to the surface of bacteria initiate the classical pathway of complement activation, which can result in lysis via the MAC (membrane attack complex) A-Agglutination/Precipitation.Antibodies clump (precipitation) or entire cells (agglutination) Clumping enhances phagocytosis. Because IgM pentamers have 10 binding sites, they are particularily good at forming clumps N-Neutralization. Prevent viruses and toxic molecules such as tetnas toxin, from interacting with body's cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Protein molecule released by a plasma cell (daughter cell of activated B cell) that binds specifically to an antigen aka. immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
In the past, person was exposed to allergen on flowers and since that first exposure (sensitization) IgE antibodies have been present in the body on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils. When exposed again, allergen binds to IgE, it makes mast cells degranulate, releasing histamin and other inflammatory mediators->blood vessels dilate and capillaries become leaky |
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Term
What are the two groups the kingdom of fungi are divided into? |
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Definition
1.Macroscopic (mushrooms,puffballs,gill fungi) 2.Microscopic(molds,yeast,hyphae) |
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Term
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Definition
Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi |
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Term
T or F. Fungi are prokaryotic |
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Definition
F. Eukaryotic-have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria are prokaryotes) |
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Term
All fungi are heterotrophic. Why? |
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Definition
-They require organic nutrients as a source of energy -Dependent upon enzyme systems to derive energy from organic substances -Absorb food |
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Term
T or F. Fungi are parasites |
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Definition
Sort of. Most fungi are saphrophytes(live on dead organic matter) but they can also be parasitic (live on bodies of living animals) |
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Term
What is the role of fungi in the economy and environment? |
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Definition
beer, wine, cheese, bread, mushrooms,soy sauce, tempeh, quorn products, fruit juices,antibiotics(penicillin,cyclosporine,cephalosporin),bioremediation (oil spills), decomposers in nutrient cycles |
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Term
Most plant diseases are caused by fungi. Give an example of 3 |
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Definition
1.Powdery mildew 2.Botrytis cinera 3.Rhizopus -100 species are pathogenic to humans and animals but most prefer to be free-living saphrophytes and only accidently become pathogens |
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Term
Which fungi are multicellular? |
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Definition
Molds-multi,reproduce via spores and conidia |
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Term
Which fungi are single celled and how do they reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fungal infection (yeast or mold) |
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Term
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Definition
1.Hyphae-long, filamentous branches, with or without septate (cross walls) 2.Mycelium-a mass or mat of hyphae |
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Term
What is good for diagnosis and identification of fungi? |
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Definition
1.Wood's Lamp-UV light will fluoresce 2.Sabouraud agar-contains dextrose and peptides, will grow fungi |
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Term
In many cases, where in the body do fungi first affect? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 5 types of human infections? (mycoses) |
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Definition
1.Superficial(pityriasis versicolor, tinea nigra,piedra) 2.Cutaneous (tinea: barbae,capitis,cruris,corporis,pedis,unguium) 3.Subcutaneous(sporotrichosis,chromoblastomycoses) 4.Systemic(Path:histoplasmosis,blastomycosis,coccidioidomycosis;Opportunistic:candidiasis,cryptococcus,aspergillis) 5.Mycetoma |
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Term
This infection results in a granulomatous inflammatory response in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue which can extend to the underlying bone |
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Definition
Mycetoma. Characterized by the formation of grains containing aggregates of the causative organisms that may be discharged onto the skin thru multiple sinuses |
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Term
This infection tends to occur around puberty, it is a common cause of skin infections in healthy people and it affects outer epidermis and it is usually on trunk |
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Definition
Pityriasis versicolor (aka Malassezi furfur or Tinea versicolor) Hyper or hypo pigmented skin with discoloration or depigmentation, patches with itching and sometimes pustules |
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Term
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Definition
Pustule - A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells. These can be either white or red. Associated with Tinea versicolor |
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Term
Superficial infeciton of the palmer surfaces. |
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Definition
Tinea nigra. Usually in tropics. Brown to black macules. |
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Term
What is the form of acquisition of tinea nigra? |
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Definition
direct inoculation onto the skin from contact with decaying vegetation, wood, or soil seems to be the form |
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Term
What is the difference between superficial mycoses and cutaneous? |
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Definition
Superficial is confined to outermost layers of skin or hair. Cutaneous outer layers of skin, hair, and nails and do not invade living tissues |
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Term
Cutaneous Mycoses are fungi called _____ and cause _____ |
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Definition
Dematophytes, cause dermatomycoses called ringworm |
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Term
What are the 3 genera that cause ringworm? |
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Definition
1.Microsporum-scalp&body(usually child) 2.Trichophyton-scalp,beard,skin,nails(adults and children) 3.Epidermophyton-body,chieifly groin area(adults, rarely children) |
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Term
Which genera of cutaneous mycoses will you find in groin area? |
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Definition
Epidermophyton-adults, rarely children |
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Term
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Definition
ringworm or moth-like. Dermatologists use the term to refer to a variety of lesions of the skin or scalp |
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Term
This ringworm can be contagious via hats |
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Definition
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Term
Ring worm that causes folliculitis |
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Definition
Tinea barbae-barber's itch, ringworm of the beard,neck or face |
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Term
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Definition
Tinea corporis-affects smooth, non-hairy areas of the body (glabrous skin) |
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Term
Infection on glabrous skin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The most common fungal infection |
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Definition
Tinea pedis. athletes foot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sporotrichosis-dimorphic,yeast in man-budding reproduction. Chain of nodules along the lymphatic drainage of an extremity. Sometimes described as a cigar shaped lesion |
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Term
Sometimes described as a cigar shaped lesion. |
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Definition
Sporotrichosis-dimorphic,yeast in man-budding reproduction. Chain of nodules along the lymphatic drainage of an extremity. |
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Term
This begins with traumatic injury in a limb or shoulder, often seen in lumberjacks and landscapers |
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Definition
Chromoblastomycoses-disease of tropics |
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Term
Mossy foot, produces wart like nodules or papillomas that may or may not ulcerate |
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Definition
Chromoblastomycoses-Lumberjacks and landscapers. caused by: 1.Phialophora verrucosa 2.Fonseccaea compacta 3.Rhinocladiella compacta 4.Clalphialopora carrioni |
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Term
What is chromoblastomycoses usually caused by? |
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Definition
1.Phialophora verrucosa 2.Fonseccaea compacta 3.Rhinocladiella compacta 4.Clalphialopora carrioni -Lumberjacks and landscapers-affects leg or foot (mossy foot) Produces wart-like nodules or papillomas that may or may not ulcerate |
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Term
This is called Deep Mycoses. What does is affect? |
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Definition
Systemic Mycoses-Pathogenic. Affects internal organs and may disseminate to multiple sites in the body. Almost always affects the lungs firs. Primarily people exposed to large amounts of airbourne dust or sand |
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Term
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Definition
Histoplasmosis- Darlings disease, cave sickness. Risk factor:exposure to bird or bat droppings. One of the most common diseases in the U.S. Mucocutaneous nodules and granulomas may be seen |
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Term
How do spores become airbourne in Darling's disease? |
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Definition
Contaminated soil is disturbed and breathing causes infection. Birds or bat droppings in soil (saphrophyte)-Histoplasma capsulatum |
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Term
What is the most severe form of Histoplamosis? |
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Definition
Disseminated disease. More frequently seen in people with AIDS or cancer, can disseminate thru body and severely progress-generally fatal. Pulmonary form primarily affects lungs and leaves residual calcified nodule in lungs similar to a TB lesion-usually self-limiting |
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Term
primarily affects lungs and leaves residual calcified nodule in lungs similar to a TB lesion |
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Definition
Histoplamosis pulmonary form (akas:Ohio Valley Fever, Darling's disease, Cave Sickness) |
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Term
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Definition
North American Blastomycoses-Gilchrist's disease, chicago disease |
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Term
Endemic to parts of North America with River Valleys and Great Lakes States |
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Definition
Blastomycosis-exposure to wooded sites, farmers, forestry, hunters, campers. Associated with rich,moist soil,rotting wood and beaver dams |
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Term
Associated with rich,moist soil,rotting wood and beaver dams |
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Definition
Blastomycosis. Symptoms resemble histoplasmosis |
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Term
South American version of Blastomycosis |
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Definition
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (sometimes affects mucous membranes of mouth-can be fatal) |
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Term
What are the two forms of Blastomycosis? |
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Definition
1.Pulmonary(most common) does not calcify lungs like Histoplasmosis 2.Cutaneous form (often misdiagnosed as carcinoma) |
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Term
This systemic mycoses is often misdiagnosed as a carcinoma |
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Definition
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