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microbio 2-Rae Shock
Rae Shock
58
Microbiology
Graduate
09/11/2011

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Term
what are the three divisions of animal kingdom for parasites?
Definition
1. protozoa-single cell
2. Metazoa-multicellular
3. External-fleas,lice
Term
what are the 4 classes in the phylum protozoa?
Definition
1.rhizopodea
2.zoo mastigophorea
3. sporozoa
4. ciliata
Term
what are the protozoan zoo mastigophorea commonly called?
Definition
flagellates
Term
which protozoan class has no external organs of locomotion?
Definition
sporozoa
Term
what is the only pathogenic member of the ciliata class of protozoa?
Definition
Balantidum coli
Term
The majority of protozoan infections of the human GI tract involve which 4 species?
Definition
1. Entamoeba histolytica
2. Balantidum coli
3. Giardia lamblia
4. Cryptosporidium parvum
Term
The majority of protozoan infections of the human GI tract involve which 4 species?
Definition
1. Entamoeba histolytica
2. Balantidum coli
3. Giardia lamblia
4. Cryptosporidium parvum
Term
Circulating antibodies do not, by themselves destroy invaders. They work in 4 general ways (PLAN)
Definition
P-Phagocytosis-antibodies, acting as opsonins, mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytosis
L-Lysis. Antibodies attached to the surface of bacteria initiate the classical pathway of complement activation, which can result in lysis via the MAC (membrane attack complex)
A-Agglutination/Precipitation.Antibodies clump (precipitation) or entire cells (agglutination) Clumping enhances phagocytosis. Because IgM pentamers have 10 binding sites, they are particularily good at forming clumps
N-Neutralization. Prevent viruses and toxic molecules such as tetnas toxin, from interacting with body's cells.
Term
What is an antibody?
Definition
Protein molecule released by a plasma cell (daughter cell of activated B cell) that binds specifically to an antigen aka. immunoglobulin
Term
What are allergies?
Definition
In the past, person was exposed to allergen on flowers and since that first exposure (sensitization) IgE antibodies have been present in the body on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils. When exposed again, allergen binds to IgE, it makes mast cells degranulate, releasing histamin and other inflammatory mediators->blood vessels dilate and capillaries become leaky
Term
What are the two groups the kingdom of fungi are divided into?
Definition
1.Macroscopic (mushrooms,puffballs,gill fungi)
2.Microscopic(molds,yeast,hyphae)
Term
What are hyphae?
Definition
Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi
Term
T or F. Fungi are prokaryotic
Definition
F. Eukaryotic-have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria are prokaryotes)
Term
All fungi are heterotrophic. Why?
Definition
-They require organic nutrients as a source of energy
-Dependent upon enzyme systems to derive energy from organic substances
-Absorb food
Term
T or F. Fungi are parasites
Definition
Sort of. Most fungi are saphrophytes(live on dead organic matter) but they can also be parasitic (live on bodies of living animals)
Term
What is the role of fungi in the economy and environment?
Definition
beer, wine, cheese, bread, mushrooms,soy sauce, tempeh, quorn products, fruit juices,antibiotics(penicillin,cyclosporine,cephalosporin),bioremediation (oil spills), decomposers in nutrient cycles
Term
Most plant diseases are caused by fungi. Give an example of 3
Definition
1.Powdery mildew
2.Botrytis cinera
3.Rhizopus
-100 species are pathogenic to humans and animals but most prefer to be free-living saphrophytes and only accidently become pathogens
Term
Which fungi are multicellular?
Definition
Molds-multi,reproduce via spores and conidia
Term
Which fungi are single celled and how do they reproduce?
Definition
Yeast,budding
Term
What is a mycoses?
Definition
Fungal infection (yeast or mold)
Term
Name 2 types of mold
Definition
1.Hyphae-long, filamentous branches, with or without septate (cross walls)
2.Mycelium-a mass or mat of hyphae
Term
What is good for diagnosis and identification of fungi?
Definition
1.Wood's Lamp-UV light will fluoresce
2.Sabouraud agar-contains dextrose and peptides, will grow fungi
Term
In many cases, where in the body do fungi first affect?
Definition
Lungs
Term
What are 5 types of human infections? (mycoses)
Definition
1.Superficial(pityriasis versicolor, tinea nigra,piedra)
2.Cutaneous (tinea: barbae,capitis,cruris,corporis,pedis,unguium)
3.Subcutaneous(sporotrichosis,chromoblastomycoses)
4.Systemic(Path:histoplasmosis,blastomycosis,coccidioidomycosis;Opportunistic:candidiasis,cryptococcus,aspergillis)
5.Mycetoma
Term
This infection results in a granulomatous inflammatory response in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue which can extend to the underlying bone
Definition
Mycetoma. Characterized by the formation of grains containing aggregates of the causative organisms that may be discharged onto the skin thru multiple sinuses
Term
This infection tends to occur around puberty, it is a common cause of skin infections in healthy people and it affects outer epidermis and it is usually on trunk
Definition
Pityriasis versicolor (aka Malassezi furfur or Tinea versicolor) Hyper or hypo pigmented skin with discoloration or depigmentation, patches with itching and sometimes pustules
Term
What is a pustule?
Definition
Pustule - A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells. These can be either white or red.
Associated with Tinea versicolor
Term
Superficial infeciton of the palmer surfaces.
Definition
Tinea nigra. Usually in tropics. Brown to black macules.
Term
What is the form of acquisition of tinea nigra?
Definition
direct inoculation onto the skin from contact with decaying vegetation, wood, or soil seems to be the form
Term
What is the difference between superficial mycoses and cutaneous?
Definition
Superficial is confined to outermost layers of skin or hair. Cutaneous outer layers of skin, hair, and nails and do not invade living tissues
Term
Cutaneous Mycoses are fungi called _____ and cause _____
Definition
Dematophytes, cause dermatomycoses called ringworm
Term
What are the 3 genera that cause ringworm?
Definition
1.Microsporum-scalp&body(usually child)
2.Trichophyton-scalp,beard,skin,nails(adults and children)
3.Epidermophyton-body,chieifly groin area(adults, rarely children)
Term
Which genera of cutaneous mycoses will you find in groin area?
Definition
Epidermophyton-adults, rarely children
Term
What does tinea mean?
Definition
ringworm or moth-like. Dermatologists use the term to refer to a variety of lesions of the skin or scalp
Term
This ringworm can be contagious via hats
Definition
Tinea capitis
Term
Ring worm that causes folliculitis
Definition
Tinea barbae-barber's itch, ringworm of the beard,neck or face
Term
Classic ringworm
Definition
Tinea corporis-affects smooth, non-hairy areas of the body (glabrous skin)
Term
Infection on glabrous skin
Definition
Tinea corporis
Term
Jock itch
Definition
Tinea cruis
Term
Dhobie itch
Definition
Tinea cruis
Term
The most common fungal infection
Definition
Tinea pedis. athletes foot
Term
ringworm of the nails
Definition
tinea unguium
Term
Rose handler's disease
Definition
Sporotrichosis-dimorphic,yeast in man-budding reproduction. Chain of nodules along the lymphatic drainage of an extremity. Sometimes described as a cigar shaped lesion
Term
Sometimes described as a cigar shaped lesion.
Definition
Sporotrichosis-dimorphic,yeast in man-budding reproduction. Chain of nodules along the lymphatic drainage of an extremity.
Term
This begins with traumatic injury in a limb or shoulder, often seen in lumberjacks and landscapers
Definition
Chromoblastomycoses-disease of tropics
Term
Mossy foot, produces wart like nodules or papillomas that may or may not ulcerate
Definition
Chromoblastomycoses-Lumberjacks and landscapers. caused by:
1.Phialophora verrucosa
2.Fonseccaea compacta
3.Rhinocladiella compacta
4.Clalphialopora carrioni
Term
What is chromoblastomycoses usually caused by?
Definition
1.Phialophora verrucosa
2.Fonseccaea compacta
3.Rhinocladiella compacta
4.Clalphialopora carrioni
-Lumberjacks and landscapers-affects leg or foot (mossy foot) Produces wart-like nodules or papillomas that may or may not ulcerate
Term
This is called Deep Mycoses. What does is affect?
Definition
Systemic Mycoses-Pathogenic. Affects internal organs and may disseminate to multiple sites in the body. Almost always affects the lungs firs. Primarily people exposed to large amounts of airbourne dust or sand
Term
Aka Ohio Valley Fever
Definition
Histoplasmosis- Darlings disease, cave sickness. Risk factor:exposure to bird or bat droppings. One of the most common diseases in the U.S. Mucocutaneous nodules and granulomas may be seen
Term
How do spores become airbourne in Darling's disease?
Definition
Contaminated soil is disturbed and breathing causes infection. Birds or bat droppings in soil (saphrophyte)-Histoplasma capsulatum
Term
What is the most severe form of Histoplamosis?
Definition
Disseminated disease. More frequently seen in people with AIDS or cancer, can disseminate thru body and severely progress-generally fatal. Pulmonary form primarily affects lungs and leaves residual calcified nodule in lungs similar to a TB lesion-usually self-limiting
Term
primarily affects lungs and leaves residual calcified nodule in lungs similar to a TB lesion
Definition
Histoplamosis pulmonary form (akas:Ohio Valley Fever, Darling's disease, Cave Sickness)
Term
Aka's for Blastomycosis
Definition
North American Blastomycoses-Gilchrist's disease, chicago disease
Term
Endemic to parts of North America with River Valleys and Great Lakes States
Definition
Blastomycosis-exposure to wooded sites, farmers, forestry, hunters, campers. Associated with rich,moist soil,rotting wood and beaver dams
Term
Associated with rich,moist soil,rotting wood and beaver dams
Definition
Blastomycosis. Symptoms resemble histoplasmosis
Term
South American version of Blastomycosis
Definition
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (sometimes affects mucous membranes of mouth-can be fatal)
Term
What are the two forms of Blastomycosis?
Definition
1.Pulmonary(most common) does not calcify lungs like Histoplasmosis
2.Cutaneous form (often misdiagnosed as carcinoma)
Term
This systemic mycoses is often misdiagnosed as a carcinoma
Definition
Blastomycosis
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