Term
| What kind of structure will we never find naked? |
|
Definition
-Helical viruses are always enveloped
-Icosahedral can be either |
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Term
| What are two of the largest DNA and RNA viruses? |
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Definition
DNA; Poxvirus, herpesvirus
RNA; Paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus |
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Term
| Arboviruses typically belong to which three families? |
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Definition
-Togavirus
-Flavivirus
-Bunyavirus
-Mosquitoes think a BUNNY in a TOGA has good FLAVA lol |
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Term
During attachment, what are the receptors, any coreceptors, and cell types for;
-HIV
-EBV
-Rabies
-Rhinovirus |
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Definition
-HIV; CD4 plus *CCR5 or CXCR4 [T cells]
-EBV; CD21 (aka CR2) [B cells]
-Rabies; Nicotinic (ACh) receptors [Neurons]
-Rhinovirus; ICAM-1 [Respiratory epithelium] |
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Term
| What is the difference between naked and enveloped in terms of heat, solvents, drying, etc.? |
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Definition
-The naked viruses are much more sturdy
-Only the naked ones can survive the stomach |
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Term
| Which are antibodies more helpful for? |
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Definition
-For naked viruses
-More important when considering vaccination strategy |
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Term
| What is the way we get mRNA in +vs-RNA? |
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Definition
-RNA has **RdRp in the capsid, goes straight to mRNA
+RNA can serve as the mRNA in the beginning and calls for production of RdRp (*not in capsid), and later uses it to go to -RNA as an intermediate for more mRNA (along with progeny genome) |
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Term
| What do all single stranded RNA viruses use to make progeny genomes? What is the exception and it's genome sense? |
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Definition
-All ss genomes need an intermediate; for ssRNA, it is ssRNA of the opposite sense
-*Retroviruses like HIV have a +ssRNA and go to dsDNA as an intermediate instead of -ssRNA |
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Term
| What do dsDNA viruses use as an intermediate when making progeny genome? What is the exception and what does it use? |
|
Definition
-dsDNA don't use an intermediate, they replicate directly
-The exception is *Hep B
-It uses ssRNA as an intermediate
-Uses reverse transcriptase to get genome from this
-(I think technically they call it DNA pol for Hep B even though it is RNA-->DNA) |
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Term
| How are naked viruses released? Enveloped? |
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Definition
-They lyse the cell
-Enveloped bud off
-This is important because the naked viruses can't cause persistent productive infection of a cell
-Cells can produce low levels of virus for years like in Hep B |
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Term
| Give an example of an acute infection with rare late complication? |
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Definition
| -*Measles is usually simply acute, but the virus can mutate and cause a chronic infection called **subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) |
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Term
| What is an abortive infection? |
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Definition
-When there is transmission but no virus production happens
-Possibly virus ends up in wrong species, etc. |
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Term
| What are some viruses that you can be infected with in utero? |
|
Definition
-CMV
-Rubella
-HSV 2
-HIV
-Hep B |
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Term
| How does parainfluenza differ in infants and adults? |
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Definition
| -Adults get a cold, infants get croup (barking cough from upper respiratory swelling) |
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Term
| In what age group do we see more encephalitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who does rotavirus infect? |
|
Definition
-Mostly infants
-Causes infant diarrhea |
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Term
| What INFs are important in preventing virus infection and how? |
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Definition
-**INF-alpha & beta
-They are produced by virus infected cells and tell the surrounding cells to inhibit viral replication
They do this either by reversibly;
-Activating **RNA endonucleases (degrades virus RNA)
-Or they lead to the inactivation of eIF2 (euk Initiation Factor 2; for binding tRNA-met to initiation translation)
-They can also increase MHC molecule expression
-They are not virus specific |
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Term
| What viral infections can we use IFN to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we use IFN-alpha to treat? |
|
Definition
-Hep B & C and some cancers;
-Hairy B cell leukemia
-Kaposi sarcoma
-Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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Term
| What can we use IFN-beta to treat? |
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Definition
| -Increases remissions in MS and severity |
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