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| established the system of scientific nomenclature (genus & species) |
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| reported that living things were composed of cells, beginning of cell theory |
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| discovered that cells arise from preexisting cells |
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| described live microorganisms through magnifying lens |
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| opponent of spontaneous generation, found maggot did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat |
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| claimed microbes developed spontaneously from broth |
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| discovered microorganisms enter broth from air after solution was boiled, refuting Needham's claims of spontaneous generation |
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| demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air and contaminate sterile solutions, developed basis of aspectic technique; also found that silk worm diseases were caused by protozoans |
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| puerperal fever transmitted to obstetrical patients by physicians who did not disinfect hands |
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| began treating surgical wounds with phenol solution, reduced infections to surgical patients |
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| discovered cause of anthrax and developed Koch's postulates which are steps relating microbe to a disease |
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| discovered vaccination for cowpox and smallpox |
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| Discovered penicillin. first antibiotic |
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| organism with no nucleus and no membrane-bound cell walls |
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| prokaryotic organism with peptidoglycan cell wall that reproduce by binary fission |
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| prokaryotic organism, lack peptidoglycan cell wall, live in extreme environments (high salt or heat) |
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| organism that have distinct membrane bound organelles and nucleus |
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| eukaryotic organism with chitin cell wall, use organic chemicals for energy, examples are mold and mushrooms |
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| form of fungi that is unicellular |
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| eukaryotic organism with cellulose cell walls, use photosynthesis for energy, produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
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| acellular particle with DNA or RNA, surrounded by protein coat, may have envelope, replicates within living cells |
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| eukaryotic, multicellular, parasitic roundworms or flatworms |
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1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya |
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1. protists
2. fungi
3. plants
4. animals |
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| all living thingss are made of cells and come from preexisting cells |
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| hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life |
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| hypothesis that living celss can arise from preexisting cells |
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| Golden age of microbiology |
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| from 1857-1914; begins with Pasteur's work, discoveries include relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and development of antimicrobial drugs |
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| conversion of sugar into alcohol to make beer and wine |
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| application of high heat for a short time to kill microbes |
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1. same microbes causes all cases of a particular disease
2. a micbrobe can be isolated from an organism and grown in a lab
3. health patients will develop a disease if injected with a pure culture
4. The same microbe can be isolated from these new patients |
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| an organism's ability to "remember" a particular microbe and protect against it if exposed again to that microbe |
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| treatment using chemicals |
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| chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit/kill microbes |
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| synthetic arsenic drug for syphilis, created in 1910, "salvation" + "arsenic-based" |
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| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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| recombinant DNA technology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins for vaccines and enzymes |
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| used to replace missing or defective genes in humans |
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| term used to be called "normal flora", the microbes normally found in an organism that prevent the growth of pathogens (in humans, microbiota produce folic acid and Vitamin K) |
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| ability of an organism to ward off disease, includes skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chamicals |
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| eukaryotes that absorbg or ingest organic chemicalos; may be motile |
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| the first antibiotic, created from a mold, mass produced in 1940s |
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