Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation occurs exclusively in aerobic respiration, unlike this type of phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| Purple and green bacteria reduce H2S->S0->SO42- in these types of environments |
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Definition
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Term
true or false: ther terms "Microenvironment" and "Niche" are synonymous
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Definition
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Term
| this common electron carrier in the electron transport chain contains a heme molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-cyclic electron flow happens exclusively in this process of harnessing light energy |
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Definition
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Term
| This anaerobic process generates a product from SO42- that is toxic to animals and plants |
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Definition
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Term
| Green bacteria have these structures that are especially good at capturing low intensity light |
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Definition
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Term
| This term describes the biotic and abiotic factors present within a place |
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Definition
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Term
| If you had a mutant bacterium that was lacking nitrite oxidoreductase, you would see a build up of what molecule in the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| The reducing power for many inorganic electron harvesting processes comes from this: |
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Definition
| Reverse electron flow, NADPH |
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Term
| Photosynthesis occurs in these structures in cyanobacteria |
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Definition
| Thylakoid membranes (also found in chloroplasts!) |
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Term
| The nitrogenase enzyme found in nitrogen fixing bacteria is inhibited by this |
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Definition
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Term
| If an anaerobic microbe was presented with 2 glucose molecules, and an aerobic microbe was also presented with 2 glucose molecules, what would be the difference in ATP generated between the two? (Assume 1 NADH -> 3 ATP) |
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Definition
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Term
| This microbila lifestyle allows for interactions among species, and is found commonly in soil samples |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis begins with glucose, and results in these molecules which go into fermentation or aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| This common electron carrier in the electron transport chain is not a protein and is a source of electrons for reverse electron flow |
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Definition
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Term
| of the ones we've discussed, these bacteria have the most diverse array of bacteriochlorophylls |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a common source of iron from human activities that leads to acid mine drainage |
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Definition
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Term
| Microenvironments change quickly due to this, which also contributes to longer generation times of microbes in the wild |
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Definition
| diffusion (of nutrients, molecules) |
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Term
| this term describes the total number of species in a community |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This term describes the proprtion of species present in a community |
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Definition
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Term
| These are the light harvesting molecules in anoxygenic photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| This process was one of the first to evolve from LUCA |
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Definition
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Term
| In nitrification, the conversion of NO2- -> NO3- is performed by these organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Heterocysts are important structures in this step of the N cycle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This process contributes nitrogen from the soil back into the atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Facultative aerobes will exclusively use aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Mehtanogens are what type of organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Methane can be derived from |
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Definition
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Term
| Syntrophy typically occurs in |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most effective e- acceptor in ANaerobic respiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is important when considering microbe-microbe interactions for supporting larger scale chemical processes? |
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Definition
| same microenvironment, same habitat, different niche |
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|
Term
| Biofilm formation can occure where? |
|
Definition
| soil and water environments |
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Term
| an important signaling molecules in biofilm formation is |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Collection of 2 or more species (biotic factors) |
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Term
|
Definition
| all of the organisms of a single species living in a geographical area |
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Term
|
Definition
| The adaptive role of the organism within the system |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| <1% of microorganisms live here |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2.2% of microorganisms live here |
|
Definition
| Marine water: Has much lower nutrient concentrations compared to freshwater |
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Term
|
Definition
| Slow growing, low metabolism, low population density, in marine environments |
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Term
|
Definition
- Photosynthetic bacteria related to cyanobacteria
- sccount for half of the photsynthetic biomass in tropical and subtropical regions
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Term
|
Definition
- greter acces to nutrients
- protection from predation and physiochemical distrurbances
- stability (less prone to physical disruption)
- facilitate nutrient nad genetic exchange
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Term
|
Definition
- Attachment: adhesion of a few cells to a suitable solid surface
- Colonization: intrcellular communication, growth, and plysaccharide formation
- Development: more growth and polysaccharide
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Term
| Good, bad, and ugly of Biofilms |
|
Definition
- Good: Facilitates carbon and nitrogen cycling in the environment
- bad: provides means for transmission of pathogens
- Ugly: Increased antibiotic resistance which can lead to life threatening infections
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Term
| The organism responsible for half of the photynthetic biomass in tropical and subtropical regions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fermentation as a metabolic strategy requires |
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic electron carriers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- use the proton motive force to catalyze the conversion of ATP from ADP
- hydrolyze ATP to ADP to pump protons out of the cell
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|
|
Term
| number of ATP molecules consumed in glycolysis: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Total number of ATP molecules generated in glycolysis: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Net number of ATP generated in glycolysis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| total number of NADH molecules generated in glycolysis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Net number of ATP generated in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Number of ATP molecules gnerated in glycolysis + oxidative phosphorylation + the citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Number of ATP molecules generated exclusively in fermentation (not counting glycolysis) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Purple and green bacteria are: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Process which generates reduced nitrogen to be used for the synthesis of proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| process which reduces the amount of fixed nitrogen in the ground |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| process in the N cycle which uses nitrogen compounds as an electron donor for respiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Process in the N cycle which uses organic nitrogen sources |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Energetics Balance Sheet for Aerobic Respiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fermentation e- acceptor is:
Organic vs. Inorganic |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Alcohol fermentation products |
|
Definition
| Reduces pyruvate into ethanol and CO2 |
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|
Term
| Complete process of Fermentation yeilds ____ ATP per 1 glucose |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Aerobic repiration e- acceptor:
Organic vs. Inorganic |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Process by which Aerobic respiration produces ATP |
|
Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation (and substrate-level) |
|
|
Term
| the 5 types of electron carriers |
|
Definition
- (1) NADH dehydrogenases
- (2) Flavoproteins
- (3,4) iron-sulfur proteins, cytochromes
- (5) quinones
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Contain a derivative of the vitamin riboflavin (FMN, FAD)
- The flavin portion is a prosthetic group that is reduced (+ 2 e-, 2H+), then oxidized (-2e-)
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|
Term
| Iron-Sulfur proteins, cytochromes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Hydrophobic molecules (not proteins)
- move about in the membrane
- accepts 2 e- and 2 H+ but donates only 2 e-
- can link between iron-sulfur and cytochromes
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|
|
Term
| how ATP synthase generates ATP |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Feeds into the electron transport chain
Generates:
-GTP
-CO2
-NADH
-FADH2
electrons released feed into the electron transport chain
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
|
|
Term
| Photoautotrophs vs photoheterotrophs |
|
Definition
Photoautotrophs: use CO2 (most phototrophs are autotrophs)
Photoheterotrophs: use organic carbon |
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|
Term
| variance in chlorophyll structure allows for what? |
|
Definition
| absorption of different wavelengths of light |
|
|
Term
| Different pigments of different organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Pigments and abosrption |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where does photosynthesis occur in the cell? |
|
Definition
Photosynthesis components are present in membrane systems
- Chloroplasts (eukaryotic)
- Invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane (purple bacteria)
- from cytoplasmic membrane (heliobacteria)
- from cytoplasmic membrane + chlorosomes (green bacteria)
- thylakoid membranes (cyanobacteria)
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|
|
Term
| Arrangement of chlorphylls within the membrane |
|
Definition
In most systems (except in the chlorosome) chlorophylls are attached to proteins in the membrane
[image] |
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|
Term
| anoxygenic photosynthesis occur where? |
|
Definition
in photosynthetic membranes
|
|
|
Term
| organisms who perform anoxygenic photosynthesis |
|
Definition
- purple bacteria
- green sulfur bacteria
- green nonsulfur bacteria
- holiobacteria
- acidobacteria
Note: H2S and H2 are common electron donors |
|
|
Term
| How anoxygenic photosynthesis works |
|
Definition
[image]
Cyclic electron flow - > Cyclic photophosphorylation
[image]
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noncyclic electron flow generates proton motive force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cyclic electron flow when enough NAD(P)H is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the redox cycle so important in the nitrogen cycle? |
|
Definition
essential for obtaining nitrogen in usable froms
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Inhibited by oxygen
- rapid removal of O2 by respiration
- slime layers
- nitrogenase protect by complexing with another protein = conformational protection
- special cel types called heterocysts
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Nitrogen fixation
- performed by cyanobacteria, purple/green bacteria, others
- Not performed by any Eukaryotes
- performed by th enzyme nitrogenase
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|
|
Term
| Where does sulfur come from? |
|
Definition
Rocks, Sediments (CaSO4)
Oceans (SO42-)
Fossil fuel burning (SO2)
|
|
|
Term
| Significant states of Sulfur |
|
Definition
- -2 (sulfhydryl, sulfide)
- 0 (elemental S)
- +6 (sulfate)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the affects of acid rain? |
|
Definition
- Acidifying soil, damages plants and microbes
- ocean acidification, damages corals, micro auto- and heterotrophs, others
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is toxic to many plants and animals
|
|
|
Term
| Iron, Nitrogen, Sulfur cycles put together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methanogens are members of what family |
|
Definition
anaerobic Archaea
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Where are methanogens found? |
|
Definition
- Ruminants (animals with a Rumen: cows)
- Humans
- underground
Note: important contributor to global warming |
|
|
Term
| Key Reactions in methanogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process whereby two or more organisms cooperate to generate energy through degrading a substance neither can degrade on their own |
|
|
Term
| Fermenter and methanogen syntrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anoxic Decomposition Big picture |
|
Definition
|
|
