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micro unit 1
micro study guide
132
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
08/28/2012

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Term
what is a diseased state resulting from an invasion of the body by a pathogen?
Definition
pathophysiology
Term
what is a disease-producing or causing (micro)-organism?
Definition
pathogen
Term
what is the study of microorganism?
Definition
microbiolody
Term
what are life forms generally too small to be seen with the naked eye (and thus, requires the use of a microscope to be seen)/
Definition
microorganism
Term
what are 4 examples of microorganisms often referred as "germs", "bugs", and "microbes"?
Definition
bacteria, viruses, parasites, and yeasts
Term
true or false
fungi and parasites can be seen without a microscope
Definition
true
Term
what is the study of bacteria?
Definition
bacteriology
Term
what is the study of viruses?
Definition
virology
Term
what is the study of fungi?
Definition
mycology
Term
what is the study of parasites?
Definition
parasitology
Term
what is the study of host (human) resistance to disease?
Definition
immunology
Term
true or false
eukaryotic cell is a bacterial cell and prokaryotic is a human cell
Definition
false
Term
from eukaryotic cell to virus to prokaryotic cell name them from biggest to smallest
Definition
eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, and virus
Term
Your immune system includes white blood cells like ___________, ___________, and __________
and processes like inflammation and ________________
Definition
neutrophils, B-cells and T-cells
phagocytosis
Term
what is the process of engulfing and digesting extracellular foreign materials (like bacteria and viruses that do not belong in our bodies)?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
what is the study of living organisms like protozoa and worms (helminths) that cause disease?
Definition
parasites
Term
what is an organism that uses the life cycle of the host species (lives off a host cell/organism) for sustenance or reproduction, or both (life)?
Definition
parasite
Term
true or false
true parasites are the first microbes ever seen and are the largest in size of the microorganism
Definition
true
Term
what type of parasite has eukaryotic, with nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria?
Definition
protozoa
Term
what type of parasite is predominantly single-celled?
Definition
protozoa
Term
trichomonas vaginalis is what type of protozoa parasite?
Definition
parasite that causes vaginal infection
Term
giardia lamblia is what type of protozoa parasite?
Definition
parasite that causes diarrhea from rivers and lakes
Term
toxoplasma gondii is what type of protozoa parasite?
Definition
parasite that pregnant women can get from changing the cat litter
Term
cryptosporidium is what type of protozoa parasite?
Definition
it is a parasite found in water park
Term
trypanosome gambiense is what type of protozoa parasite?
Definition
it is known as a causative agent of African sleeping sickness
Term
what parasite is better known as worms?
Definition
helminths
Term
examples of groups of helminths are?
Definition
nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes
Term
nematodes are what?
Definition
tubular in shape and known as roundworms
Term
cestodes are what?
Definition
tapeworms; segmented
Term
trematodes are what?
Definition
often referred to as flukes
Term
the study of larger, multicellular organisms found everywhere is know as ?
Definition
mycology (the study of fungi)
Term
yeast that frequently causes human yeast infection and is also know as part of our normal human microflora?
Definition
candida albicans
Term
the mold on bread and the fungus that cause athletes foot and ringworm also often referred to as _______ _________ and __________ __________?
Definition
tinea pedis and tinea corporis
Term
common fungal diseases are ringworm caused by the fungus _______ and oral yeast infection know as __________
Definition
tinea and thrush
Term
__________ do not respire, do not move, and cannot and do not grow on their own
Definition
viruses
Term
acellular are not know as?
Definition
not living, not dead - just there
Term
viruses are acellular, cannot replicate on their own and do not have _________________ processes
Definition
metabolism/metabolic
Term
what are two basic components that viruses have?
Definition
protein coat (capsid) and a genome or nucleic acid
Term
viruses nucleic acid are either ______ or _____ but never both
Definition
DNA or RNA
Term
viruses can have a 3rd component know as
Definition
an envelope (lipid layer or phospholipid membrane
Term
viruses are classified according to what?
Definition
type of nucleic acid and diseases they cause
Term
type of nucleic acid are DNA or RNA and _________ or ____________
Definition
enveloped or non-enveloped
Term
what will not work on viruses but will work on bacteria are?
Definition
antibiotics
Term
baby viruses are known as?
Definition
virions or virus particles
Term
reproduction of virus has what four stages
Definition
attachment, enter, multiple, and parting
Term
when virus attaches to a host cell is know as what stage of virus reproduction?
Definition
attachment
Term
when virus or viral nucleic acid enters host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction?
Definition
enter
Term
when virus uses host cell's enzymes and ribosomes to make viral genes and proteins (virus "parts") is known as what stage of virus reproduction?
Definition
multiple
Term
when new virus particles ("newborn baby" viruses) eventually leave host and search for a new host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction?
Definition
parting
Term
enveloped virus leaves the cell by __________ and non-enveloped virus leaves the cell by _________
Definition
budding and lyse
Term
influenza (the "flu"), herpes (herpes virus type I and II), HIV, mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), chicken pox/shingles (varicella-zoster virus), smallpox, ebola, norwalk, mumps, and measles are known as?
Definition
viral diseases
Term
the study of bacteria is known as?
Definition
bacteriology
Term
_________are know as good bacteria and help the environment by degrading biowaste and clean up oil spills
Definition
probiotics
Term
biofilms are known as?
Definition
bad bacteria
Term
bacteria are ___________ which means they are simple and single-celled organism
Definition
prokaryotes
Term
bacteria do not have membrane bound __________, no membrane bound __________ and no __________
Definition
organelles, nucleus, and mitochondria
Term
the processes that bacteria replicate is know as?
Definition
binary fission
Term
staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, and lactobacillus are known as?
Definition
bacteria
Term
bacteria are grouped or classified and identified based on what characteristics?
Definition
DNA (specific genes), unique cell surface molecules, and growth requirements
Term
majority of bacteria have a structure know as a cell wall and contain the substance ____________
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
what gives bacterial cells their shape?
Definition
cell wall
Term
in lab we identify the million of different bacteria by 1st seeing the cell shape, arrangement of cells, and cell wall type under the microscope and by ____________
Definition
appearance of colonies
Term
the 1st to see and describe microorganisms in 1670 is?
Definition
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Term
who developed the concept of vaccination in late 1700 is?
Definition
Edward Jenner
Term
the golden age of microbiology includes _____________, __________, and __________ in 1875-1900
Definition
Pasteur, Lister, and Koch
Term
the father of microbiology is known as?
Definition
Pasteur
Term
who came up with pasteurization, rabies vaccine and Disproved Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)?
Definition
Pasteur
Term
the "father" of antiseptic surgery is known as?
Definition
Joseph Lister
Term
whose's postulates helped isolate/discover bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Definition
Koch's postulates
Term
what are the 4 steps of Koch's postulates
Definition
1) the agent must be present in every case of disease
2) the agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro
3) the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host
4) the agent must be recoverable fro the experimentally-infected host
Term
in 1929 who accidentally grew the mold that produced penicillin?
Definition
Alexander Fleming
Term
what two people found a way to mas produce penicillin and purify the active compound?
Definition
Howard Florey and Ernest Chain
Term
in 1912 who coined the term, and well as discovered and implemented the first chemotherapeutics?
Definition
Paul Ehrlich
Term
the use of chemicals to treat (infectious) disease is known as
Definition
chemotherapeutic
Term
who discovered the "cure" for syphilis known as salvarsan?
Definition
Paul Ehrlich
Term
____________, ____________, ____________, _____________, are external bacterial structures
Definition
cell wall, capsule, flagellum, and Pili (fimbriae)
Term
____________, _____________, ___________ are internal bacterial structures
Definition
cytoplasm, nucleiod (nuclear region), and ribosomes
Term
what cell wall has peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, thick, and is cross-linked?
Definition
gram positive
Term
what cell wall has peptidoglycan, thin, no teichoic acid, and has external Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) which produced lipid A an endotoxin
Definition
gram negative
Term
what cell wall has mycobacteria, peptidoglycan and thick waxy substance (aka mycolic acid)?
Definition
acid fast
Term
some bacteria when stressed, encounter unfavorable growth condition (lack of water, high heat) can undergo the process of sporulation and form bacterial _____________
Definition
endospores
Term
two significant genera that can undergo this process and form endospores are?
Definition
clostridia species and bacillus species which are GPRs
Term
survival technique beside endspore that bacteria use are what 3?
Definition
1) produce/use different enzymes
2) can alter cell wall or membrane
3) alter genes-genetic mutations
Term
what are the four key stages to bacterial growth?
Definition
lag, log(logarithmic), stationary phase, death and decline
Term
what nutrients do bacteria need to grow?
Definition
a carbon source (something organic), nitrogen (animo acids), lipids (fatty acids), salts (minerals), vitamins, and water
Term
medically important microorganisms that cause disease are know as?
Definition
pathogens
Term
microorganisms that are very good at causing disease are described as?
Definition
pathogenic
Term
what live off dead organic material by absorbing nutrients (ex. fungi on bread)?
Definition
saprophytes
Term
what life forms which live off live organic matter (host) and derive support at expense of the host?
Definition
parasites
Term
in lab we provide for nutrition by use of artificial growth media (broth,agar) and control temperature and oxygen levels by use of an ____________
Definition
incubator
Term
what 5 key nutrient and environmental conditions that influence bacterial growth are?
Definition
1. moisture
2. temperature
3. pH
4. specific salt (NACI) concentration
5. oxygen requirements
Term
microbes generally grow best between aw~
Definition
0.995-0.980
Term
most microbes cease growth at aw~
Definition
<0.900
Term
thermophiles
Definition
> 40c
Term
mesophiles
Definition
20-40c pathogenic range
Term
psychrophiles
Definition
<20c
Term
obligate aerobe are what specific salt concentration?
Definition
strict oxygen
Term
what needs lots of oxygen at specific amount?
Definition
micro aerophilic
Term
__________ ____________ are flexible to oxygen available and not specific. an ex. include E. coli, staph and strep
Definition
facultative anaerobes
Term
___________ ____________ example are clostidia, C. tenani, and C. difficile and oxygen is toxic to them
Definition
obligate anaerobe
Term
what are the most common/classic stains used in lab?
Definition
gram stain and acid-fast stain
Term
an example of immunofluorescene stains that diagnose syphilis is?
Definition
direct IFA
Term
the destruction/removal of all life forms refers to the process in which all living cells, spores, and viruses
Definition
sterilization
Term
destruction or removal of pathogenic m/o's is know as?
Definition
disinfection
Term
true or false
disinfection may not necessarily eliminate spores or all of the microorganisms fro an object or environment
Definition
true
Term
-cidal (suffix)
Definition
kills; death of microorganism
like bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, sporicidal
Term
-static (suffix)
Definition
prevents further multiplication without necessarily killing them by slowing metabolism and inhibits growth
Term
what seven way we control the growth of microorganisms in the environment
Definition
1. heat
2. irradiation
3. filtration
4. pasteurization
5. low temperature
6. drying (desiccation)
7. antimicrobial agents
Term
a method can only be defined as a sterilant if, and only if, it destroys ___________ bacteria, in addition to all other life forms
Definition
endospores/spore-forming
Term
_____________ are one of the most difficult forms of 'life' to irradicate on earth
even more difficult are prions
Definition
endospores
Term
the heat that are used to control microorganism in the environment include which 4?
Definition
incineration, moist heat, autoclaving and dry heat
Term
what burns organisms and physically destroy them and are used for needles, inoculating wires, glassware, and objects not destroyed in the incineration process
Definition
incineration >500c
Term
what kills everything except some endospores (which requires over 2+ hours of boiling to kill)
Definition
moist heat-boiling ~100c for 30 minutes
Term
what uses moist heat/steam under pressure or pressure cooker and spore forming Bacteria -Bacillus species- is used as quality control to see if it is working?
Definition
autoclaving
Term
what can be good for sterilizing almost anything, including water, some agar medias, and glass?
Definition
autoclaving
Term
what is used for sterilizing glassware, metal, and objects that won't melt
Definition
dry heat
Term
dry heat is used to sterilize for how long?
Definition
160 degree/2 hours or 170 degrees/1 hour
Term
true or false
dry heat is as good as moist heat for eliminating microbes
Definition
false moist heat is better
Term
what uses UV light-260mm wavelength and gamma (ionizing) radiation ("radioactive") to sterilize?
Definition
irradiation
Term
what uses HEPA - high efficiency particulate air- filters and is designed for the filtration of small particles?
Definition
filtration for air
Term
the use of mild heat and time to reduce the number of microorganisms (likely to cause spoilage) and kill any potential pathogens present is know as?
Definition
pasteurization
Term
true or false
low temperature are not bactericidal
Definition
true
Term
most organisms grow very little or not at all at what degree?
Definition
4 C
Term
what method involve the removal of water from product by heat, evaporation, freeze-drying, and addition of salt or sugar?
Definition
drying/desiccation (removal of H2O)
Term
true or false
most microorganisms cannot grow at reduced water activity (aw <0.90)
Definition
true
Term
desiccation is often used to preserve what type of food?
Definition
fruits and grains
Term
what are chemical agents used to disinfect inanimate (lifeless) objects and surfaces?
Definition
disinfectants
Term
true or false
some disinfectants, if in high concentration or long contact time, may qualify as sterilants
Definition
true
Term
what are chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection?
Definition
antiseptics
Term
true or false
antiseptics are generally less toxic than disinfectants because they must not cause too much damage to the host living issue
Definition
true
Term
what are pharmaceuticals (chemical agents) that are used in the treatment of microbial infections?
Definition
antimicrobials
Term
the specific group of antimicrobials used to control/destroy bacteria are known as?
Definition
antibiotics
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