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Micro Test
Micro biology test 1
78
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
09/15/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Linnaeus
Definition
father of taxonomy, introduced taxonomy concept, 2 kingdom scheme, taxonomic hierarchies, use of genus and species name
Term
two kingdom scheme
Definition
animalia, plantae Linnaeus ignored microorganisms (chaos group, not in gods plan)
Term
hierarchy
Definition
Kingdom, Phyla or Division, class, order families, genera, species
Term
Shapes
Definition
Bacillus- rod or cylindrical
megaterium- big beast
coccus- spherical
staph -grapes (cluster after division)
aureua - golden pigment
Term
three kingdom scheme
Definition
Animalia, plantae, and protista
Term
Four Kingdom Scheme
Definition
Animalia plantae, monera, protista
Term
Five kingdom scheme
Definition
animalia, plantae, protista, monera, fungi
Term
Archaebacteria
Definition
prokaryotic in extreme environments, very diff. from eubacteria in cell walls and ribosomes, sequence analysis revealed difference in other bactera and eukaryotic organisms
Term
rrna analysis classification
Definition
3 superkingdoms: bacteria, archaea, eukarya. Archae and Eukary can mix ribosomes.
Term
Prokary vs Eukary
Definition
Prokary are smaller (1-2 molecular chronometers in length) than eukary (>20 molecular chronometers)
Term
nm to micrometers to milimeters to meter
Definition
1000 nm = 1 micrometer
1000 micrometers = 1 mm
1000 mm = 1 meter
1000000 micrometers= 1 meter
eye can see .2 milimeters
Term
thiomargarita namibiensis
Definition
anaerobic bacterium, found in marine sediment in Africa, oxidizes sulfur for energy and reduce nitrate for final electron acceptor. 200-750 micrometers in diameter. looks like string of pearls.
Term
compartmentalization
Definition
eukary much more complex than prokary, with more internal membranous structures. Eukary have true nucleus with double membrane that separates genetic material from cytoplasm. Pores allow exchange between cyto and nucleus. Prokary have no membrane bound nucleus, have region where DNA is located --> nucleoid.
Term
ribosomes
Definition
synthesize in the nucleus
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
location of genes for production of rRNAs. small region in nucleus of eukary. ribosomal proteins synthesized in cyto are imported into nucleolus and associate with rrnas there to make mature ribosomes. rRNA must go from cyto to nucleolus to cyto to make proteins. Prokary do not have nucleolus.
Term
chromosomes
Definition
eukaryotic chromosome= linear dna associated with positive proteins called histones (regulation and protection). have more than one chromosome per cell, Prokary chromosomes are generally circular with basic proteins associated. they usually have just one chromosome per cell except when they're about to divide.
Term
Mitosis (karyokinesis: only eukaryotes)
Definition
karyokinese: splitting of nucleus, chromosome replication and nuclear division.
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
cell division, usually mitosis and karyokinese happen together, but not always.
Term
complex internal membrane system
Definition
eukary cells have this (golgi, er, lysosomes)
Term
ER
Definition
membrane system in continuum with nuclear membrane: rough has ribosomes and involved in protein production. smooth = lipid synthesis and coordinated movement of materials in cell
Term
Golgi
Definition
flattened membranous sacs in continuous network with ER. involved in packaging, sorting, and secreting proteins and wall/membrane components
Term
golgi (2)
Definition
materials transported across cell are packaged in secretory vesicles. exocytosis= release contents outside of cell. golgi also give rise to lysosomes --> membrane bound structures than contain digestive enzymes. they fuse with food vacuoles and allow digestion brought in by endocytosis. Golgi also adds sugar to proteins --> glycosylation.
Term
Cytosis
Definition
transporting in or out; only eukaryotic cells. materials never pass through membrane, exo: materials released from celll through secretory vesicles. Endo= materials brough in through food vacuoles; phagocytosis (particulate matter) and pinocytosis (fluid)
Term
intracellular digestion
Definition
lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to begin digestive proces
Term
eukaryotic cytoskeleton
Definition
microtubules (proteins abour 25 nm in diameter) made of tubulin. maintain shape and help separate chromosome during nuclear division --> also in structure and function of flagella and cilia. Microfilaments are 10 nm in diameter and are made of actin (contractile), attached to cell membrane and help in movement.
Term
prokaryotic cytoskeleton
Definition
have tubulin and actin like filaments; FtsZ= plan of division; MreB= cytoskeletal filaments that form cage (specifies width of rod and curved bacteria) Crescentic= curvature of curved bacteria; vibroid= all three; cocci= ftsz; rod= ftsz and mreb
Term
ribosomes
Definition
sites of protein synthesis- measured in ultracentrifuge. Prokary have smaller (70S) ribosomes and Eukary have larger (80 S) ribosomes. mito and chloroplasts have 70S as well.
Term
membrane bound organelles
Definition
eukary have mitochondria (exception for anaerobic in metabolism) Mito contains enzymes for TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation --> generates ATP. plants and algae have chloroplasts that do this through photosythesis. PROKARYOTES DO NOT CONTAIN MITO OR CHLORO.
Term
endosymbiotic theory
Definition
margulus: small living in big, beneficial for both. Eukary thought to be chimeras formed by engulfment of smaller cells; mito and chloro are though to be descendents of prokary that now line as internal symbionts in eukary. Also thought that eukary flagella were once free living similar to spirochetes (used in mixotrichia)
Term
evidence for endosymbiotic theory
Definition
mito and chloro same size as bacteria; contain their own circular DNA that encode for production of rrnas trnas and some et proteins. Mito and Chloro have 70S ribosomes, and are self replication through binary fission. Will not regenerate by host cell if lost. And rrna sequences are related to prokaryotes.
Term
horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer
Definition
horizontal= from organism to organism; vertical from parent to offspring.
Term
flagella
Definition
eukary flagella: microscopic, membrane enclosed cylinders, complex of 20 microtubules (9+2 arrangement) 200 nm in diameter. function though waving. Prokary flagella= submicroscopic protein fibers about 20 nm in diameter than spin like propeller.
Term
cell walls
Definition
eukary cell walls: composed of chitin or cellulose; NEVER contain PG. Prokary: contain PG; Archae: most have cell walls made of other rigid molecules like psuedoPG, proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides.
Term
membrane sterols
Definition
eukary membranes contain sterols (planar molecules for stabillization) such as cholesterol. Prokary: sterol like called hopanoids. Mycoplasms (bacteria group) do not contain sterols or cell walls and live as parasites on eukary cells which make the sterols for the bacteria --> make them stronger.
Term
hydrocarbons
Definition
made if carbon and hydrogen; used for Energy and carbon source.
Term
alcohols
Definition
contain c,h,o. significance: can be end products of metabolism, many biomolecules contain alcohols, glycerol is component in fats used to form membranes.
Term
Aldehydes and ketones
Definition
aldehydes: contain c,h,o. ex. ethanol; ketones: c,h,o, acetone. Significance: carbs are usually one of these or derivatives.
Term
organic acids
Definition
contain c,h,o. carboxylic acids can dissociate --> donate a proton. ex. acetic acid to acetate (inside cell) and pyruvic acid to pyruvate. Significance: important intermediates and end products of metabolism. ex. Fatty acids --> used in formation of fats along with glycerol
Term
esters
Definition
contain c, h, o. formed by condensation rxns (dehydration synthesis specifically) betwen alcohols and carboxylic acids. Significance: fats are esters.
Term
condensation rxns
Definition
2 molecules joined into 1 with loss of a simple molecule; water = dehydration synthesis. when nucleotides are condensed it's not dehydration.
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
opposite of dehydration; can break what condensation rxns make
Term
large biomolecules (fats, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)
Definition
polymers of many subunits (monomers) connected through condensation rxns
Term
ethers
Definition
c,h,o. archaebacteria use ethers instead of esters in the lipids in their membranes; prokary and eukary use esters.
Term
carbs
Definition
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds yielding these on hydrolysis. 5th alcohol tends to attach teh carbonyl c and 6th is just dangling. 3% in open chain form and 97% are ring form.
Term
carb classification
Definition
mono= simple; triose= 3 carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde); tetrose= 4 carbon sugar (erythrose); pentose= 5 c sugar (ribose) hexose= 6 c sugar (glucose, fructose)
Term
disaccharide
Definition
2 simple sugars connected by glycosidic bond that is the result of condensation rxn; sucrose= fructose and glucose; maltose = 2 glucose
Term
oligosaccharides
Definition
2-10 simple sugars connected by glycosidic bonds
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
10 + simple sugars connected through glycosidic bond; glycogen (polymer of glucose in liver); starch (plants) and cellulose (cell walls in plants)
Term
amino sugars
Definition
one hydroxyl group replaced by amino group; ex. nag and nam. nam= nag + lactic acid
Term
importance of carbs
Definition
primary source of c for most organisms, primary source of e, used for storage of e & c, and play structural role in cell walls (pg in walls of bacter, celluose in plants)
Term
lipids
Definition
heterogenous group of compound defined by solubility; slightly soluble in water but readily in organic solvents (chlorofomr, ether) Fats are a subclass of this group that are esters of long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and the polyhydric alcohol (glycerol). importance: source of e and c, and storage form of e and c. they're important components in all membranes; eubacteria and eukary use phospholiids in their membranes; archae use lipids with compounds attached to glycerol by ether.
Term
nucleosides and nucleotides
Definition
mucleoside= pentose linked to n base. adenine and guanine= purine; cytosine and thymine/uracil=pyrimidine. Nucleotides= nucleoside phosphates; phosphate to pentose to n base.
Term
significance of nucleotides and nucleosides
Definition
nucleotides: used for storage of chemical energy, most common is atp (uses ribose) Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are polymers of nucleotides.
Term
DNA
Definition
polynucleotides formed by condensation rxns between nucleotides. DNA: ds linked by hydrogen bonds between N bases. A=t and g-(X3)C. antiparallel 5' end is phosphate and 3' end is hydroxyl group. DNA serves as repository for genetic info; template for dna, rna, and proteins.
Term
RNA
Definition
SUGAR= ribose and bases = a,g,c,u. RNA can form H bonds with other rna molecules or dna molecules (intermolecular h bonds) or with part of the same rna molecules (intramolecular h bonds). cellular organisms have 3 types rna; trna, rrna, mrna. all 3 involved in protein synthesis.
Term
amino acids
Definition
+ & - charges as physiological pH. they have amino and carboxylic acid groups. 3 N bases= 1 amino acid. Significance: source of c, n, and e. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. used structurally and functionally (microtubules, filaments) and catalyticaly (enxymes). catalytic rna= ribozymes; catalytic proteins= enzymes.
Term
Peptide bond formation
Definition
3 amino acids connected together by peptide bonds = tripeptide; 4= tetrapeptide; and so on. 10+ amino acids connected= polypeptide. oligo= 2-10. any polypeptide will have free N group at one end and free C group at other. Most common = 20 amino acids that differ in r groups. (12 hydrophilic and 8 hydrophobic.
Term
proteins
Definition
polypeptides; smallest protein is 50 amino acids w/ mw of 6000 g/ml. All properties depend on sequence of amino acids. (primary level of stucture)
Term
levels of protein structure
Definition
primary= sequence of amino acids; secondary= beta pleated sheets, alpha helices by h bonding between carbonyl and amino ends; tertiary= the way the protein folds in water, getting all hydrophobic r groups away from water; quaternary: protein that can only function if 2 or more polypeptide chains associate together. (only active that way)
Term
enzymes
Definition
biological catalysts; most are globular proteins; molecules acted on are called substrates which bind to a specific site (Active site) and are converted to products. most function w/o additional components but some need them.
Term
additional components of enzymes
Definition
known as cofactors (can be organic or inorganic) organic cofactors = coenzymes (usually vitamins or derivatives) inorganic cofactors= metal ions that must be in active sites (Mn, Fe, Zn). If protein needs a cofactor to be active, then protein portion is known as apoenzyme; this + cofactor = holoenzyme.
Term
sites of action for enzymes
Definition
most function inside cell (intracellular or endoenzymes) others are made inside but transported out (extracellular or exoenzymes) most extracellular are hydrolytic sent out to scavenge for nutrients. Bacteria and fungi do this.
Term
metabolic regulation of enzymes (Activity)
Definition
direct way for cell to regulate metabolism by controlling enzyme activity or enzyme availability. Activity: effector molecules can bind to specific site on enzymes to speed up or slow down substrate into product. these enzymes are called allosteric enzymes. Activators= effector molecules that change shape to make it bind better or convert s to p faster once bound. Inhibitors= effector molecules that change shape to bind s less well or convert s to p slower. Allosteric enzymes = fine level of control.
Term
regulation of enzymes (availablilty)
Definition
many enzymes are constitutive (always made). others are inducuble (not normally produced but can be turned on) or repressible (normally on but can be turned off). (biosynthesis). coarse level of control; lag time.
Term
bacteria shapes
Definition
cocci: sperical (thiomargarita)
bacilli: cylindrical or rod shaped (bacillus)
spirilla: curved
pleomorphic= many shaped; weak cell walls.
Term
arrangement of shapes
Definition
cocci: diplococci occur in pairs, streptococci occur in chains; tetrads and sarcinae: occur in groups of 4; staph: irregular grapes; bacilli: single, unattached after division; Crynebacterium = chinese letters, palisades. Spiral: most spiral occur as single cells; vibrios are short, curved rods. Spirilla: rigid, helical shaped with flagella at one or both ends.
Term
Staining
Definition
stains are large, usually charged organic molecules with colored portion called chromophores; if chromophore has + charge it's basic; if - its acidic. used to see the size and shape and arrangement, to see structures, storage materials, differentiate between types.
Term
direct or positive staining
Definition
basic dye will react with - charged polymers in and on cell
Term
indirect/ negative staining
Definition
acidic dye; used to stain the background no distortion
Term
differential staining
Definition
use two different colors and decolorization step. 2 most important: acid fast and gram
Term
gram stain
Definition
gram + stain purple with first dye (very thick pg layers and it won't wash out) gram - stain with pink dye (thin pg layers that wash out easily). Gram + have 90% wall of pg, rest is made of acidic polysaccharides of techoic acids in pg and lipotechoic acids in cell membrane. Gram - has thin pg layer 10-20% rest in phospholipids, lps, and protein; phospholipids are not in gram + cell walls; gram - have extra membrane = periplasmic space
Term
gram +
Definition
most cocci are gram +, most endospore forming bacteria are gram + (clostridium and bacillus)
Term
acid fast stain
Definition
used to identify members of genera mycobacterium and nocardia which have thick waxy layer external to pg layer; rich in fatty acids called mycolic acids (close to outer membrane of gram - except no lps)
Term
bacteria membranes
Definition
amphoteric: containing + and - charged groups ; amphipathic: compound with 1 part hydrophilic and another hydrophobic. composed of about 40% lipd and 60% protein.
Term
cell walls
Definition
most bacteria have pg layer= heteropolymer of amino sugars and acids (sugars = nag and nam) Function: protection from osmotic lysis, gives shape, resists passage of large molecules
Term
glycocalyces
Definition
made of polysaccharides external to cell wall; covering of macromolecules on surface of cell; thin = slime layer; thick and sticky= capsule. helps prevent water loss. make it resistant to phagocytosis and allow bacteria to attach to solid surfaces.
Term
flagella
Definition
flagellin, basal body, and hook. made through self assembly. Amphitrichous: boht ends lophotrichous: one end monotrichous: 1 and peritrichous: all around
Term
pili and fimbriae:
Definition
most common on gram -. pili for sexual conjugation from males to females; fimbriae for attachment
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