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Definition
father of taxonomy, introduced taxonomy concept, 2 kingdom scheme, taxonomic hierarchies, use of genus and species name |
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animalia, plantae Linnaeus ignored microorganisms (chaos group, not in gods plan) |
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Kingdom, Phyla or Division, class, order families, genera, species |
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Bacillus- rod or cylindrical megaterium- big beast coccus- spherical staph -grapes (cluster after division) aureua - golden pigment |
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Animalia, plantae, and protista |
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Animalia plantae, monera, protista |
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animalia, plantae, protista, monera, fungi |
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prokaryotic in extreme environments, very diff. from eubacteria in cell walls and ribosomes, sequence analysis revealed difference in other bactera and eukaryotic organisms |
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rrna analysis classification |
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Definition
3 superkingdoms: bacteria, archaea, eukarya. Archae and Eukary can mix ribosomes. |
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Prokary are smaller (1-2 molecular chronometers in length) than eukary (>20 molecular chronometers) |
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nm to micrometers to milimeters to meter |
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Definition
1000 nm = 1 micrometer 1000 micrometers = 1 mm 1000 mm = 1 meter 1000000 micrometers= 1 meter eye can see .2 milimeters |
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thiomargarita namibiensis |
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Definition
anaerobic bacterium, found in marine sediment in Africa, oxidizes sulfur for energy and reduce nitrate for final electron acceptor. 200-750 micrometers in diameter. looks like string of pearls. |
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Definition
eukary much more complex than prokary, with more internal membranous structures. Eukary have true nucleus with double membrane that separates genetic material from cytoplasm. Pores allow exchange between cyto and nucleus. Prokary have no membrane bound nucleus, have region where DNA is located --> nucleoid. |
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synthesize in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
location of genes for production of rRNAs. small region in nucleus of eukary. ribosomal proteins synthesized in cyto are imported into nucleolus and associate with rrnas there to make mature ribosomes. rRNA must go from cyto to nucleolus to cyto to make proteins. Prokary do not have nucleolus. |
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Definition
eukaryotic chromosome= linear dna associated with positive proteins called histones (regulation and protection). have more than one chromosome per cell, Prokary chromosomes are generally circular with basic proteins associated. they usually have just one chromosome per cell except when they're about to divide. |
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Mitosis (karyokinesis: only eukaryotes) |
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Definition
karyokinese: splitting of nucleus, chromosome replication and nuclear division. |
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Definition
cell division, usually mitosis and karyokinese happen together, but not always. |
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Term
complex internal membrane system |
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Definition
eukary cells have this (golgi, er, lysosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
membrane system in continuum with nuclear membrane: rough has ribosomes and involved in protein production. smooth = lipid synthesis and coordinated movement of materials in cell |
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Definition
flattened membranous sacs in continuous network with ER. involved in packaging, sorting, and secreting proteins and wall/membrane components |
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Definition
materials transported across cell are packaged in secretory vesicles. exocytosis= release contents outside of cell. golgi also give rise to lysosomes --> membrane bound structures than contain digestive enzymes. they fuse with food vacuoles and allow digestion brought in by endocytosis. Golgi also adds sugar to proteins --> glycosylation. |
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Definition
transporting in or out; only eukaryotic cells. materials never pass through membrane, exo: materials released from celll through secretory vesicles. Endo= materials brough in through food vacuoles; phagocytosis (particulate matter) and pinocytosis (fluid) |
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Definition
lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to begin digestive proces |
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Term
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Definition
microtubules (proteins abour 25 nm in diameter) made of tubulin. maintain shape and help separate chromosome during nuclear division --> also in structure and function of flagella and cilia. Microfilaments are 10 nm in diameter and are made of actin (contractile), attached to cell membrane and help in movement. |
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Term
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Definition
have tubulin and actin like filaments; FtsZ= plan of division; MreB= cytoskeletal filaments that form cage (specifies width of rod and curved bacteria) Crescentic= curvature of curved bacteria; vibroid= all three; cocci= ftsz; rod= ftsz and mreb |
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Term
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Definition
sites of protein synthesis- measured in ultracentrifuge. Prokary have smaller (70S) ribosomes and Eukary have larger (80 S) ribosomes. mito and chloroplasts have 70S as well. |
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membrane bound organelles |
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Definition
eukary have mitochondria (exception for anaerobic in metabolism) Mito contains enzymes for TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation --> generates ATP. plants and algae have chloroplasts that do this through photosythesis. PROKARYOTES DO NOT CONTAIN MITO OR CHLORO. |
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Definition
margulus: small living in big, beneficial for both. Eukary thought to be chimeras formed by engulfment of smaller cells; mito and chloro are though to be descendents of prokary that now line as internal symbionts in eukary. Also thought that eukary flagella were once free living similar to spirochetes (used in mixotrichia) |
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evidence for endosymbiotic theory |
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Definition
mito and chloro same size as bacteria; contain their own circular DNA that encode for production of rrnas trnas and some et proteins. Mito and Chloro have 70S ribosomes, and are self replication through binary fission. Will not regenerate by host cell if lost. And rrna sequences are related to prokaryotes. |
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Term
horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer |
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Definition
horizontal= from organism to organism; vertical from parent to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
eukary flagella: microscopic, membrane enclosed cylinders, complex of 20 microtubules (9+2 arrangement) 200 nm in diameter. function though waving. Prokary flagella= submicroscopic protein fibers about 20 nm in diameter than spin like propeller. |
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Definition
eukary cell walls: composed of chitin or cellulose; NEVER contain PG. Prokary: contain PG; Archae: most have cell walls made of other rigid molecules like psuedoPG, proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
eukary membranes contain sterols (planar molecules for stabillization) such as cholesterol. Prokary: sterol like called hopanoids. Mycoplasms (bacteria group) do not contain sterols or cell walls and live as parasites on eukary cells which make the sterols for the bacteria --> make them stronger. |
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Term
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Definition
made if carbon and hydrogen; used for Energy and carbon source. |
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Term
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Definition
contain c,h,o. significance: can be end products of metabolism, many biomolecules contain alcohols, glycerol is component in fats used to form membranes. |
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Definition
aldehydes: contain c,h,o. ex. ethanol; ketones: c,h,o, acetone. Significance: carbs are usually one of these or derivatives. |
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Definition
contain c,h,o. carboxylic acids can dissociate --> donate a proton. ex. acetic acid to acetate (inside cell) and pyruvic acid to pyruvate. Significance: important intermediates and end products of metabolism. ex. Fatty acids --> used in formation of fats along with glycerol |
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Definition
contain c, h, o. formed by condensation rxns (dehydration synthesis specifically) betwen alcohols and carboxylic acids. Significance: fats are esters. |
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Definition
2 molecules joined into 1 with loss of a simple molecule; water = dehydration synthesis. when nucleotides are condensed it's not dehydration. |
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Definition
opposite of dehydration; can break what condensation rxns make |
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Term
large biomolecules (fats, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides) |
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Definition
polymers of many subunits (monomers) connected through condensation rxns |
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Definition
c,h,o. archaebacteria use ethers instead of esters in the lipids in their membranes; prokary and eukary use esters. |
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Term
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Definition
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds yielding these on hydrolysis. 5th alcohol tends to attach teh carbonyl c and 6th is just dangling. 3% in open chain form and 97% are ring form. |
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Term
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Definition
mono= simple; triose= 3 carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde); tetrose= 4 carbon sugar (erythrose); pentose= 5 c sugar (ribose) hexose= 6 c sugar (glucose, fructose) |
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Term
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Definition
2 simple sugars connected by glycosidic bond that is the result of condensation rxn; sucrose= fructose and glucose; maltose = 2 glucose |
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Definition
2-10 simple sugars connected by glycosidic bonds |
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Definition
10 + simple sugars connected through glycosidic bond; glycogen (polymer of glucose in liver); starch (plants) and cellulose (cell walls in plants) |
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Term
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Definition
one hydroxyl group replaced by amino group; ex. nag and nam. nam= nag + lactic acid |
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Definition
primary source of c for most organisms, primary source of e, used for storage of e & c, and play structural role in cell walls (pg in walls of bacter, celluose in plants) |
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Term
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Definition
heterogenous group of compound defined by solubility; slightly soluble in water but readily in organic solvents (chlorofomr, ether) Fats are a subclass of this group that are esters of long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and the polyhydric alcohol (glycerol). importance: source of e and c, and storage form of e and c. they're important components in all membranes; eubacteria and eukary use phospholiids in their membranes; archae use lipids with compounds attached to glycerol by ether. |
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Term
nucleosides and nucleotides |
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Definition
mucleoside= pentose linked to n base. adenine and guanine= purine; cytosine and thymine/uracil=pyrimidine. Nucleotides= nucleoside phosphates; phosphate to pentose to n base. |
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Term
significance of nucleotides and nucleosides |
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Definition
nucleotides: used for storage of chemical energy, most common is atp (uses ribose) Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are polymers of nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
polynucleotides formed by condensation rxns between nucleotides. DNA: ds linked by hydrogen bonds between N bases. A=t and g-(X3)C. antiparallel 5' end is phosphate and 3' end is hydroxyl group. DNA serves as repository for genetic info; template for dna, rna, and proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
SUGAR= ribose and bases = a,g,c,u. RNA can form H bonds with other rna molecules or dna molecules (intermolecular h bonds) or with part of the same rna molecules (intramolecular h bonds). cellular organisms have 3 types rna; trna, rrna, mrna. all 3 involved in protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
+ & - charges as physiological pH. they have amino and carboxylic acid groups. 3 N bases= 1 amino acid. Significance: source of c, n, and e. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. used structurally and functionally (microtubules, filaments) and catalyticaly (enxymes). catalytic rna= ribozymes; catalytic proteins= enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
3 amino acids connected together by peptide bonds = tripeptide; 4= tetrapeptide; and so on. 10+ amino acids connected= polypeptide. oligo= 2-10. any polypeptide will have free N group at one end and free C group at other. Most common = 20 amino acids that differ in r groups. (12 hydrophilic and 8 hydrophobic. |
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Term
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Definition
polypeptides; smallest protein is 50 amino acids w/ mw of 6000 g/ml. All properties depend on sequence of amino acids. (primary level of stucture) |
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Term
levels of protein structure |
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Definition
primary= sequence of amino acids; secondary= beta pleated sheets, alpha helices by h bonding between carbonyl and amino ends; tertiary= the way the protein folds in water, getting all hydrophobic r groups away from water; quaternary: protein that can only function if 2 or more polypeptide chains associate together. (only active that way) |
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Term
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Definition
biological catalysts; most are globular proteins; molecules acted on are called substrates which bind to a specific site (Active site) and are converted to products. most function w/o additional components but some need them. |
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Term
additional components of enzymes |
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Definition
known as cofactors (can be organic or inorganic) organic cofactors = coenzymes (usually vitamins or derivatives) inorganic cofactors= metal ions that must be in active sites (Mn, Fe, Zn). If protein needs a cofactor to be active, then protein portion is known as apoenzyme; this + cofactor = holoenzyme. |
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Term
sites of action for enzymes |
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Definition
most function inside cell (intracellular or endoenzymes) others are made inside but transported out (extracellular or exoenzymes) most extracellular are hydrolytic sent out to scavenge for nutrients. Bacteria and fungi do this. |
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Term
metabolic regulation of enzymes (Activity) |
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Definition
direct way for cell to regulate metabolism by controlling enzyme activity or enzyme availability. Activity: effector molecules can bind to specific site on enzymes to speed up or slow down substrate into product. these enzymes are called allosteric enzymes. Activators= effector molecules that change shape to make it bind better or convert s to p faster once bound. Inhibitors= effector molecules that change shape to bind s less well or convert s to p slower. Allosteric enzymes = fine level of control. |
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Term
regulation of enzymes (availablilty) |
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Definition
many enzymes are constitutive (always made). others are inducuble (not normally produced but can be turned on) or repressible (normally on but can be turned off). (biosynthesis). coarse level of control; lag time. |
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Term
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Definition
cocci: sperical (thiomargarita) bacilli: cylindrical or rod shaped (bacillus) spirilla: curved pleomorphic= many shaped; weak cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
cocci: diplococci occur in pairs, streptococci occur in chains; tetrads and sarcinae: occur in groups of 4; staph: irregular grapes; bacilli: single, unattached after division; Crynebacterium = chinese letters, palisades. Spiral: most spiral occur as single cells; vibrios are short, curved rods. Spirilla: rigid, helical shaped with flagella at one or both ends. |
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Term
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Definition
stains are large, usually charged organic molecules with colored portion called chromophores; if chromophore has + charge it's basic; if - its acidic. used to see the size and shape and arrangement, to see structures, storage materials, differentiate between types. |
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Term
direct or positive staining |
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Definition
basic dye will react with - charged polymers in and on cell |
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Term
indirect/ negative staining |
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Definition
acidic dye; used to stain the background no distortion |
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Term
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Definition
use two different colors and decolorization step. 2 most important: acid fast and gram |
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Term
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Definition
gram + stain purple with first dye (very thick pg layers and it won't wash out) gram - stain with pink dye (thin pg layers that wash out easily). Gram + have 90% wall of pg, rest is made of acidic polysaccharides of techoic acids in pg and lipotechoic acids in cell membrane. Gram - has thin pg layer 10-20% rest in phospholipids, lps, and protein; phospholipids are not in gram + cell walls; gram - have extra membrane = periplasmic space |
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Term
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Definition
most cocci are gram +, most endospore forming bacteria are gram + (clostridium and bacillus) |
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Definition
used to identify members of genera mycobacterium and nocardia which have thick waxy layer external to pg layer; rich in fatty acids called mycolic acids (close to outer membrane of gram - except no lps) |
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Term
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Definition
amphoteric: containing + and - charged groups ; amphipathic: compound with 1 part hydrophilic and another hydrophobic. composed of about 40% lipd and 60% protein. |
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Term
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Definition
most bacteria have pg layer= heteropolymer of amino sugars and acids (sugars = nag and nam) Function: protection from osmotic lysis, gives shape, resists passage of large molecules |
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Term
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Definition
made of polysaccharides external to cell wall; covering of macromolecules on surface of cell; thin = slime layer; thick and sticky= capsule. helps prevent water loss. make it resistant to phagocytosis and allow bacteria to attach to solid surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
flagellin, basal body, and hook. made through self assembly. Amphitrichous: boht ends lophotrichous: one end monotrichous: 1 and peritrichous: all around |
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Definition
most common on gram -. pili for sexual conjugation from males to females; fimbriae for attachment |
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