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Micro Test III
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52
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
03/20/2012

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Term
Requirements for Growth
(examples)
Definition
1)carbon source (Glu)
2)energy source (Glu)
3)reducing power (NAD/H)
Term
Nitrogen Compound
Definition
general class of molecules used as electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration
Term
Difference in Carbon Use for COH, CLA, PH, and PA
Definition
COH: roughly 50/50 energy and biomass
CLA: fixes CO2 for biomass, energy from inorganic
PH: all carbon for biomass, energy from light
PA: fixes CO2, energy from light
Term
12 Metabolites and Their Parent Pathways
Definition
Glycolysis:G6P, F6P, G3P, 3PG, PEP, Pyruvate
TCA: acetic acid, (alpha)ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, oxaloacetate
Calvin/HMP: E4P, R5P
Term
3 Types of Phosphorylation
Definition
substrate level, photo-, and oxidative
Term
Net reactions of EM and ED
Definition
EM: Glu + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ --> 2Pyr + 2ATP + 2NADH (2NADH-->6ATP in pro)
ED: Glu + ADP + Pi + NADP+ + NAD+ --> 2Pyr + ATP + NADPH + NADH
Term
Difference in ATP Production in TCA Cycle between Pro- and Eukaryotes
Definition
2 ATP are needed to enter the mitochondria of eukaryotes, making the net production 36 vs. the 38 in prokaryotes
Term
Cocarboxylase
Definition
enzyme used by eukaryotes to fix carbon PEP + acetyl-CoA --> oxaloacetate
Term
Difference in Carbon Use b/t An/Aerobic Organisms
Definition
anaerobics use more carbon for energy than assimilation since their pathways create less ATP per molecule Glu vs. aerobics
Term
Precursors from Proteins
Definition
Deamination into carbon chains--> precursors
Term
NH4SO4
Definition
inorganic source of nitrogen for transamination
Term
Energy/Biomass for Glu + Protein, or protein only
Definition
Glu--> energy; protein--> biomass; protein only: half and half, (makes as much energy as Glu)
Term
Differences b/t Beta-ox and TCA
Definition
1: Speed: TCA is faster
2: Energy: B-ox produces 1.5x more energy/gram due to low cost of operation
Term
Metabolism of Fatty Alcohol; Alkane; Aromatic
Definition
--oxidation--> fatty acid --B-Ox--> Acetyl-CoA; oxidiation to alcohol...; reduced to alkane or oxidized to alcohol...
Term
Sulfur (4)
Definition
Organic: i.e. thiols, used in a.a. synthesis
Oxidized: i.e. SO4, assimilatory (a.a.) or dissimilatory (ETS) reduction
Reduced: electron donor, chemolitho
Term
Enthalpy
Definition
Change in heat (Delta H) of reaction; can drive reaction if there is high potential energy in reactants that can be released as heat
Term
Metabolism in Yeast
Definition
Aerobic: aerobic respiration
Anaerobic: ethanol-generating fermentation
Term
Major differences b/t EMP, ED, and fermentation
Definition
ED has acid intermediates, fermentation uses only substrate level phosphorylation, and is not tied to OxPhos
Term
Acetyl-CoA in TCA
Definition
Combined with oxalo to make citrate, CO2's are lost from isocitrate--> alphaketo and from there to succinyl-[CoA]
Term
electron donors for lithotrophic oxphos
Definition
NH4+, H2S, CH4
Term
terminal electron acceptor for photolysis
Definition
NADP+
Term
bacteriorhodopsin vs. chlorophyll
Definition
one protein changes shape upon electron excitation, creates proton gradient, absolutely cyclical
vs.
the use of several carriers, and can be acyclical
Term
PSI and PSII
Definition
PSI: acyclical, excites donated electrons, produces 2NADPH, and transports 2H+
PSII: cyclical, excites electrons and transfers them, transporting 2H+; NADH is made through reverse electron flow
Oxygenic: only if both work together, alone they don't have the oxidative potential to use H2O as an electron donor
Term
how plants survive at night
Definition
they store excess glucose as cellulose to burn at night
Term
Calvin-Benson
Definition
carbon fixation cycle which binds 3CO2 to RBP to create 4 precursors: F6P, E4P, R5P, and start gluconeogenesis
the full cycle uses 6NADPH and 9ATP
Term
reductive TCA
Definition
from pyruvate to citrate, only used to make precursors (photoauto)
Term
THF cycle
Definition
THF-formic --> THF-CH3 + H2O + acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA goes into gluconeogenesis
Term
carbon labelling
Definition
radioisotopes make compounds visible, 2D capillary solution separates them by solubility
Term
how cells keep CO2 in cell
Definition
use CCM to convert CO2 into HCO3-; carbonic anhydrase to convert back
Term
how double bonds form in fatty acids
Definition
dehydratase forms cis-unsaturation that cannot reduce NAD+, and elongation continues via malonyl-ACP addition
Term
3 methods of fatty acid biosynthesis regulation
Definition
acetyl-CoA carboxylase self-regulation (negative feedback); starvation pathway (down-regulation); and temperature regulation (low temps-->raised dehydratase activity-->more unsaturation)
Term
assimilitory uses for nitrogen groups
Definition
fixed onto alpha-ketoglutarate to make glutamate and other amino acids; fixed onto amino acids to make nucleic acids
Term
Preliminary step to fixing N2
Definition
H2 must enter the enzyme to prep the active sites, and is then discarded. Other hydrogens are then used to reduce N2 to 2 NH3
Term
3 ways nitrogenases are able to function in oxygenic/aerobic organisms
Definition
Protection: physical application of a protein around the nitrogenase to protect it from O2
Temporal Separation: wait to fix nitrogen until night (oxygenic)
Heterocyst: synthesize entirely separate body for N2 fixation
Term
purine vs. pyrimidine synthesis
Definition
aspartate vs. glycine for starting point; both use ribose as an electron acceptor to make the cycles easier to modify
Term
how cells react to low nitrogen and phosphorus
Definition
they limit biomass synthesis, but glucose is still taken in: stored as polysaccharides
Term
glyoxylate shunt
Definition
skips CO2-losing steps of TCA, isocitrate--> Succinate + glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA --> malate + succinate
Used only for biomass
Term
Match the Pathways with the amino acid families
Definition
TCA: glutamate, aspartate
Glycolysis: Alanine, Serine
Glycolysis + Calvin: Aromatic
Calvin: histidine
Term
2 purposes for fermenting food
Definition
lasts longer, and is easier to digest
Term
difference between acidic and alkaline fermentation
Definition
microrganism used: waste is acidic? (lactic acid: dairy, calcium supplements) Acid; amino acid metabolic waste is basic (NH4+, Natto) alkaline
Term
Spoilage vs. Poisoning
Definition
S: microorganisms have begun to break down/consume food product and are far enough along to make the food unpalatable, and perhaps toxic
P: live pathogens are present in food product
Term
6 steps to commercial success microbial product
Definition
Identify product, Isolate organism, Upscale production, Business plan, Market effectively
If I were yoU, i'd Buy The Market
Term
one major reason products may be grown or infused into plants or animals
Definition
eukaryotic modification may be necessary to synthesize a viable product
Term
4 types of companies interested in quality control as it pertains to microorganisms
Definition
government food, drug, and environmental Regulation programs; Pharmaceutical research companies; WAste management; and LUMber
WaR PLum
Term
Two things that improve alcohol output
Definition
use sacchromyces, and use an innoculum instead of natural flora
Term
primary vs. secondary metabolites
Definition
primary: byproduct of basic metabolic system(CO2, lactic acid, alcohol)
Secondary: antibiotics (pennicilin)
Term
First and Last (most complicated) Metabolic Pathways to Evolve
Definition
Glycolysis and Phototrophy
Term
Class of compounds that can be synthesized from glucose
Definition
amino acids, fatty acids, purines, and pyrimidines
Term
Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction
Definition
NO3 --> NO2 + heat --> NH3 + 2heat --> N2 + 3heat
Term
Reductive Acetyl-CoA pathway
Definition
Fix CO2 and convert it to Acetyl-CoA
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
synthesis of glucose from SMALLER ORGANIC MOLECULES not CO2
Term
Swiss Cheese Microbe
Definition
Propionic acid-fermenting bacteria
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