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Micro test 3
N/A
105
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
03/26/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Pathology
Definition
The study of disease
Term
Etiology
Definition
The study of the cause of a disease. 
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
The development of disease
Term
Infection
Definition
 Colonization of the body by pathogens
Term
Disease
Definition
 An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Term
Normal microbiota or normal flora
Definition

The microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence (colonize) but tht do not produce disease under normal conditions. permanently colonize the host.

Term
Transient Microbiota
Definition
May be present for several days, weeks, or months and then disappear.
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
 is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host. (Fungi and Algea)
Term
commensalism 
Definition
In the symbiotic relationship called ___ one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.
Term
mutualism
Definition
 both organisms benefit. Ex. E. coli is produced by the large intestine. E. coli produces vit K and B which is absorbed by the blood.
Term
parasitism
Definition

 one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other.

Term
opportunistic pathogens
Definition
Some normal microbiota are called ___. They do not cause disease in their normal habitat. Ex. E.coli outside of the large intestine.
Term
Microbial antagonism 
Definition
is a competition between microbes. One consequence of this competition is that hthe normal microbioa protexr the host against colonization by potenially pathogenic microbes by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to the invading microbs, and affexring conditions such as pH and avaiable oxygen.
Term
 Normal microbiota 
Definition
_________protect the host by
-Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
-Producing acids
-Producing bacteriocins
Term
Probiotics
Definition
 Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Term
Koch’s Postulates    
Definition
1.The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2.The pathogen must be isolated from the diseases host and grown in pure culture
3.The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
4.The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original animal
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
____ are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans
Term

-Symptom
 




 

 

 

Definition
__ A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease


Term
Syndrome
Definition
___A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Term
Sign
Definition
 __ A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Term
Communicable disease
Definition
 A disease that is spread from one host to another
Term
Contagious disease
Definition
 A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Term
Noncommunicable disease
Definition
 A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Term
Incidence
Definition
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Term
Prevalence
Definition
 Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Term
Sporadic disease
Definition
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Term
 Endemic disease
Definition

Disease constantly present in a population

Term
Epidemic disease:
Definition
 Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Term
Pandemic disease
Definition
Worldwide epidemic
Term
Herd immunity
Definition
Immunity in most of a population
Term
Acute disease
Definition
Symptoms develop rapidly
Term
Chronic disease
Definition
Disease develops slowly
Term
Subacute disease
Definition
Symptoms between acute and chronic
Term
Latent disease
Definition
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
Term
Local infection
Definition
: Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
Term
Systemic infection:
Definition
 An infection throughout the body
Term
Focal infection:
Definition
 Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Term
 Sepsis:
Definition

 Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

Term
Bacteremia:
Definition
 Bacteria in the blood
Term
Septicemia
Definition
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Term

Toxemia


Viremia:

 

 

Definition
___Toxins in the blood
___ Viruses in the blood
Term
Primary infection
Definition
Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Term
Secondary infection
Definition
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Term
Subclinical disease
Definition
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
Term
§Short urethra in females
§Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene
§Climate and weather
§Fatigue
§Age
§Lifestyle
§Chemotherapy
Definition
Predisposing Factors that make the body more susceptible to disease and may alter the course of the disease: ___, ___,___,___,___,___,___.
Term
Reservoirs of Infection
Definition
For a disease to perpetuate itself, there must be a continual source of the disease organisms.This object provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival.
Term
Carriers
Definition
These ppl are important living reservoirs of infection. They also play an important rolein the spread of diseases such as AIDS or gonorrhea.
Term
zoonoses
Definition
Some diseases carried by animals like Rabies and Lyme disease may be transmitted to humans
Term
Soil, water
Definition
The 2 major nonliving reservoirs of infectious disease are __ and __. Can cause botulism or tetanus.
Term

-Direct contact transmission

-Indirect contact transmission
-
Droplet contact transmission

 

 

 

Definition
___Requires close association between infected and susceptible host. __Spread by fomites. ___ Transmission via airborne droplets.
Term
Vectors
Definition

___ are animals that carry pathogens from one host to another. Ex. Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

Term

Mechanical transmission:
Biological transmission:

Definition

Vectors Transmit disease by 2 general methods:

___-Arthropod carries pathogen on feet

___-Pathogen reproduces in vector

Term

Nosocomial Infections

Definition

__ is one that doesn’t show any evidence of being present at the time of admission to a hospital. Usually acquired as a result of a hospital stay. Affect 5–15% of all hospital patients.

Term

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Definition

Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future.

Term

- Genetic recombination
-
Evolution of new strains
-Antibiotic-resistant strains

Definition

A variety of factors contribute to the emergence of new infectious diseases. E. coli O157, avian influenza (H5N1) is an example of __. V. cholerae O139 is an example of __. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides create__. Changes in weather patterns may increase the distribution and survival of reservoirs and vectors. Ex. Hantavirus

Term

-West Nile Virus 

-Coccidioidomycosis

- Lyme disease
-Diphtheria

Definition

Emerging Infectious Diseases:

___ may spread o new geographic areas by modern transportation. Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement can cause __.

Even animal control measures may increase the incidence of a disease like __.Failures in public health measures may spread __.

 

Term
Epidemiology
Definition


The study of where and when diseases occur.

Term
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Definition


Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States and published Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).

Term
John Snow
Definition

 


Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London.

Term
Ignaz Semmelweis
Definition

Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition


Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus.

Term
Descriptive Epidemiology: 
(snow) 
Definition

Collection and analysis of data (Snow). 

Term
Analytical Epidemiology:
(Nightingale) 
Definition

 Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group (Nightingale).

Term
Experimental Epidemiology:
Definition

 Controlled experiments (Semmelweis).

Term
Case reporting:
Definition

 Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices

Term
Nationally notifiable diseases:
Definition

 Physicians are required to report occurrence.

Term
Morbidity:
 Mortality:
Morbidity rate: 
Mortality rate: 
Definition

The CDC issues a publication called the published Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) which contains data on ___ Incidence of a specific notifiable disease. ___ Deaths from notifiable diseases. __Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period. __Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Term
Pathogenicity:

Virulence:
Definition


___-The ability to cause disease.
 

 

___-The extent of pathogenicity. This depends on certain factors such as adherence adn cell wall structure.

Term
Adhesins/ligands
Definition

__ from pathogens bind to receptors on host cells. 

Ex. Glycocalyx: Streptococcus mutans

Fimbriae: Escherichia coli

M protein: Streptococcus pyogenes

Form biofilms

Term
Capsules
Definition

 

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus anthracis have ___ which prevent phagocytosis.

Term

M protein

Opa protein

Mycolic acid 

Definition

The cell walls of certain bacteria contains chemical substances that contribute to virulence. Streptococcus pyogenes produces ___ that resists phagocyosis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces __ that inhibits T helper cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce __ which makes up the cell wall and resist digestion by phagocytes.


Term

Coagulase

Kinases

Definition


 ___ are bacterial enzymes that coagulates fibrinogen in blood.

____ an enzyme that digest fibrin clots in blood.

***

 

Term
Hyaluronidase
Definition


___ is another enzyme secreted by certain bacteria and hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid.
*** 

Term

Collagenase 


IgA proteases

Definition


___Hydrolyzes collagen


__ is an enzyme that destroys IgA antibodies

 
*** 

Term
Portals of entry
Definition
Pathogens can gain enrance to the human body and other hosts through several avenues called __ where they penetrate tissue and cause structural damage. The occurrence of disease depends on several factors, one of which is the__. Ex. moucous membranes, skin, parenteral route, preferred portal of entry.
Term
Mucous Membranes
Definition
Many bac. gain access to the body by prenetrating the __ lining the gastrointestinal tract (polio, typhoid fever), genitourinary tract (syphilis), or the respiratory tract (TB, measles) which is the easiest and most frequently travled portal of entry.
Term

-Skin

 

-parenteral route

Definition
Other portals of entry: __-physical barrier. Some microbes gain access to the body when they are directly deposited into the tissue benathe the skin, this route is called __. 
Term

ID50
LD50     

Definition

The virulence (degree of pathogenicty) of a microbe is often expressed as ___ (Infectious dose for 50% of the test population).

The potency of a toxin is often expressed as the ___Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population.

Term

- G+ spore

- G-

 

- G+ cocci 

Definition

Botulinum is  _ and has a LD50 of 0.03 ng/kg for mice.
Shiga Toxin is _ and has 250 ng/kg for mice.
staphlyococcal enterotoxin is _ is 1350 ng/kg for mice. Therefore a smaller dose of botulinum toxin is needed to cause symptoms in mice.


 

Term
Actin
Definition
A major compenen of the cytoskeleton is a protein called __, which is used by some microbes to penetrate host celss and by others to move through and btw host cells.
Term
Invasins
Definition

Once microbes make contact with the hot cell plasma membranes, the microbes produce surface proteins called __ that rearrange nearby actin filaments of the cytoskeleton. Ex.Salmonella alters host actin to enter a host cell.

Term
Listeria
Definition
 Once inside the host cell, certain bac. such as __ use actin to move from one cell to the next.

Term

- disrupt host cell function

 

- producing toxins.

Definition
When pathogens overcome the host's defense, the microbes can damage the host's cell by: ___, producing waste products, and ___.
Term
-Toxins

-
Toxigenicity 
Definition
__ are poisonous substance that contributes to pathogenicityThe ability to produce a toxins ___.
Term
-Toxemia


Definition
Presence of toxin in the host's blood is __.

Term
-Antitoxin

-Toxoid 
Definition
The body produces anitbodies against a specific toxin called __. __ are inactivated toxins used in vaccines to stimulate antitoxin production in the body so that immunity is produced.
Term
Exotoxin
Definition
a protein produced inside some bacteria and are among the most letha substances known. (G+ rod, cocci).
Term
Membrane-disrupting toxins
Definition
__ Lyse host’s cells by making protein channels in the plasma membrane and disrupting phospholipid bilayer.Leukocidins kill phagocytic lekocytes. Hemolysins distroy erythrocytes. Streptolysins.

Term
Superantigens
Definition
Cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells.Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, endotoxic shock, and death.
Term

-Fusarium

-Proteases

-Cryptococcus

 

Definition
Fungal waste products may cause symptoms and chronic infections provoke an allergic response. Tichothecene toxins inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and produce ___.  Two fungi that cause skin infection are Candida and Trichophyton and they produce __. __ produce capsule prevents phagocytosis.

Term
-Sepsis 

-
Asepsis 
Definition
__refers to microbial contamination. __ is the absence of significant contamination. Aseptic surgery techniques prevent microbial contamination of wounds
Term

Sterilization

 

-Commercial sterilization  

-
Antisepsis

Definition

 

__Removing all microbial life. __ is a limited heat treatment used to kill C. botulinumendospores in can foods. Disinfection: is removing pathogens. __  is removing pathogens from living tissue.

 

Term
Sanitization:

Bacteriostasis 
Definition
Degerming is removing microbes from a limited area. __ is Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils. Biocide/germicide: Kills microbes. __ inhibiting, not killing, microbes.
Term
Thermal death point (TDP):
Definition
 Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min.
Term
Thermal death time (TDT)
Definition
(minimal) Time during which all cells in a culture are killed.
Term
Deciaml reduction time (DRT) or D value
Definition
The time in minutes in which 90% of th population of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed.
Term
Autoclave: Steam under pressure
Definition
Moist heat denatures proteins. The high temps. are most commonly achieved by steam under pressure in __. (Sterilation takes place at 121C for 15 min)

Term
Pasturization
Definition
__ Reduces spoliage organisms and pathogens. It's not considered sterile because thermoduric bac survive but are unlikely to causes diseases. Invited by Louis Pasteur.
Term

High-temperature short-time:

Ultra-high-temperature

 

 

Definition
Classic pasteruization treatment of milk was 63°C for 30 min. Today __ is used to sterilize milk 72°C for 15 sec. __ is used so milk does not need refrigeration140°C for <1 sec.
Term
fractional sterilization or tyndallization
Definition
is when material is exposed to free flowing steam for 30 min on each side for 3 consecutive days.
Term
Dry heat sterilization
Definition
__ Kills by oxidation. Examples of sterilization: Dry heat, Flaming, Incineration, and Hot-air sterilization (items to be sterilized are placed in a oven at 170 C for 2 hours).
Term
-HEPA

-Membrane filtration 
Definition

Filtration methods are used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials. __ removes microbes > 0.3µm. __ removes microbes > .22µm.

Term
Low temperature

Desiccation  
Definition
 __ inhibits microbial growth: Refrigeration, Deep-freezing, Lyophilization. High pressure denatures proteins. __ prevents metabolism. Osmotic pressure causes plasmolysis.
Term
-Ionizing radiation 

-
Nonionizing radiation 

-
Microwaves  
Definition
__ (X rays, gamma rays, electron beams) Ionizes water to release OH• Damages DNA. ___ (UV, 260 nm) Damages DNA. __kill by heat; not especially antimicrobial.
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