Term
|
Definition
| chemical substance acquired by an organism necessary to sustain life |
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Term
|
Definition
| any ingredient that cannot be formed by the organism and must be supplied in the diet |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical substance required in large quantities |
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Term
|
Definition
| lacks carbon and hydrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains carbon and hydrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose main source of carbon is CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| use light for energy needs and CO2 for carbon needs (algae, plants, cyanobacteria) |
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Term
|
Definition
| use inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon needs (some bacteria) |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism that relies on organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs |
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Term
|
Definition
| purple and green bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| protozoa, fungi, animals, many bacteria; include saprobes and parasites |
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Term
|
Definition
| concentration of solute is equal on both sides of cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| solute concentration is lower on the outside of the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| solute concentration is lower on the inside of the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses oxygen during metabolism and can process toxic byproducts |
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Term
|
Definition
| cannot grow without oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen but can grow without oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| microorganism that grows best or exclusively in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| doesn't utilize oxygen but can survive in its presence |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms live together in a close partnership |
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Term
|
Definition
| relationship is necessary and mutually beneficial |
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Term
|
Definition
| one organism benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed |
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Term
|
Definition
| both organisms benefit but it is not necessary for either organisms' survival |
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Term
|
Definition
| one organism receives nutrients from the other at the expense of the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms living together compete for nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| doubling time; time it takes to go from a single cell to two daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| processes that result in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures; usually requires energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| processes that result in the break-down of cell molecules and structures; usually releases energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| macromolecule that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being a product or reactant; protein catalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy necessary for a reaction to occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists solely of a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| sometimes referred to as a holoenzyme; combination of a protein called an apoenzyme and one or more cofactors or coenzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the protein part of a conjugated/holoenzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| inorganic enzyme accessory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| organic enzyme accessory; type of cofactor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| conjugated protein in it entirety; enzyme complete with apoenzyme and cofactors |
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Term
|
Definition
| site on enzyme where substrates bind and reaction occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| only certain substrates can bind to the enzyme based on constraints of the active site based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, and charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in breaking down nutrients and wastes outside of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| function inside of the cell; most enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| always present in constant amounts regardless of the presence of substrate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| presence that can be turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that form bonds between substrates in synthesis/dehydration reactions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another in transfer reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate pace of a reaction by catalyzing each individual step |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the mitochondrial membrane in ETC |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that break down proteins in the amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of amino groups from amino acids so that the carbon backbone can be shuttled into the Krebs cycle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of an amino group to a carbon compound to form amino acids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbohydrate to generate a different amino acid and carbohydrate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| generation of glucose from pyruvate |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the structure and function of genes, gene behavior in the context of a cell or organism, and the patterns of genetic inheritance from a parent to offspring within a specific population |
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Term
|
Definition
| sum of genetic material within a cell or organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| basic functional unit of genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the genes that make up an organism's genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the traits that characterize an organism. can change according to gene expression |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA segment upstream of the beginning gene that is recognized by RNA polymerase as the starting site for transcription |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-coding, unexpressed regions of DNA that are spliced out |
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Term
|
Definition
| stretch of DNA coding for a corresponding portion of mRNA that is translated into peptides |
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Term
|
Definition
| cuts out introns and connects exons |
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Term
|
Definition
| set of genes that are regulated simultaneously in prokaryotes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to the promotor region of a gene where they recruit RNA polymerase to promote transcription |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| change in DNA that results in a change in phenotype |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| altered phenotype due to mutation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| any agent that induces genetic mutation |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is being transferred in conjugation, can either be chromosomal DNA or plasmid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cells capable of accepting free DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process in eukaryotes that is similar to transformation in bacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sections of DNA that can jump from one location on a chromosome to another, from a chromosome to a plasmid, or from plasmid to chromosome |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of all microbial life, including endospores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of most microbial life on an inanimate surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of most microbial life on a living surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical removal of most microbes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| kill bacterial endospores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| determined by cell reproductive ability and metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
organic carbon: any organic molecule (proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids)
inorganic carbon: CO2 |
|
Definition
| what are the major organic and inorganic sources of carbon? |
|
|
Term
organic hydrogen: any organic molecule
inorganic hydrogen: water, salts, gases |
|
Definition
| organic and inorganic sources of hydrogen |
|
|
Term
organic oxygen: carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
inorganic oxygen: some salts, water, gases |
|
Definition
| organic and inorganic sources of oxygen |
|
|
Term
organic nitrogen: proteins, nucleic acids
inorganic nitrogen: ammonia and nitrate |
|
Definition
| organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen |
|
|
Term
organic phosphorous: nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids, some proteins
inorganic phosphorous: H3PO4 |
|
Definition
| organic and inorganic sources of phosphorous |
|
|
Term
organic sulfur: proteins
inorganic sulfur: SO3- and H2S |
|
Definition
| organic and inorganic sources of sulfur |
|
|
Term
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur |
|
Definition
| what are the nutrients that make of CHONPS? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water moves down the concentration gradient, in a direction of high concentration to low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
|
|
Term
| simple, facilitated, and active |
|
Definition
| the 3 major types of diffusion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in this type of diffusion, there is no barrier to disturb the random movement of molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules move across a membrane, down a concentration gradient, with the help of a carrier protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules move across a membrane, up or down a concentration gradient, with the help of a carrier protein and energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
| carrier-mediated, group translocation, and bulk transport |
|
Definition
| the three mechanisms of active diffusion |
|
|
Term
carrier-mediated
(active diffusion) |
|
Definition
| atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors. driven by ATP. |
|
|
Term
group translocation
(active diffusion) |
|
Definition
| molecules moved across membrane and simultaneously converted to a metabolically useful substance. |
|
|
Term
bulk transport
(active diffusion) |
|
Definition
| mass transport of large particles, cells, and liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation. includes endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
| isotonic because they are already in an osmotic steady state with the cell |
|
Definition
| which of the solute states of a cell is ideal for life? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lowest temperature that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can occur. |
|
|
Term
| covers a small range and promotes the fastest rate of cell growth and metabolism |
|
Definition
| what does optimum temperature do? |
|
|
Term
| growth will stop. (if it continues to rise beyond that point, the enzymes and nucleic acids will eventually become permanently inactivated (denaturation) and the cell will die) |
|
Definition
| if the temperature rises slightly above maximum, what will happen? |
|
|
Term
| gas requirements, effects of pH, and osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
| besides temperature, what are 3 other environmental factors that affect microbial growth? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this bacteria gathers at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this bacteria gathers at the bottom to avoid oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this bacteria gathers mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is advantageous (i.e. energetically favorable), but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen, but at a lower concentration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily how bacterial cell division occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when this occurs, the parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome, and forms a central transverse septum that divides the cell into two daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 phases on a microbial growth curve? |
|
|
Term
| it lowers the amount of energy necessary for the reaction to occur. they allow reactions to occur at speeds compatible with life. |
|
Definition
| how does an enzyme speed up a reaction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzymatic reaction that builds macromolecules. ligases are the specific enzymes that form covalent bonds between substrates. require ATP, release H2O. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymatic reactions that break down macromolecules. require H2O, sometimes release ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use oxidoreductase enzymes to remove electrons from one substrate and transfer them to another; NAD and FAD often serve as coenzymes. also include aminotransferases, phototransferases, methyltransferases, and decarboxylases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, blocking the real substrate and keeping it from binding |
|
|
Term
| noncompetitive inhibition |
|
Definition
| a molecule binds the enzyme outside of the active site to prevent or enhance the activity of the enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation |
|
Definition
| what are the three major processes through which ATP is formed? |
|
|
Term
| substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| transfer of phosphate group from substrate to ADP |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| redox reactions that transfer electrons (ex. ETC). the electron acceptor now has energy to phosphorylate ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP is formed through sunlight driven reactions (photosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids |
|
Definition
| what are the major sources of energy in a cell? |
|
|
Term
monosaccharides--> carbohydrates
amino acids--> proteins
fatty acids--> lipids
nitrogen bases--> nucleic acids
vitamins--> enzymes |
|
Definition
| what are the major macromolecular building blocks (5) and what macromolecules do they build? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| its environment is not conducive to the Krebs cycle and ETC, may or may not have O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only uses glycolysis (not Krebs cycle or ETC); produces 2ATP; alcoholic yields alcohol and CO2; acidic yields some acid but not CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ETC; does not use O2; produces 2-36 ATP, limited by electron accepter availability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this catabolic pathway occurs in absence of O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ETC; requires O2; produces 38 ATP; limited by substrate availability; most common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this catabolic pathway occurs in O2 rich environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yields ethyl alcohol or other alcohol and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| structural, functional, regulatory, RNA |
|
Definition
| the 4 major types of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yields some acid (lactic, acetic, formic, succinic) but not CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________ fermentation produces CO2 while ___________ fermentation does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode proteins that play an important role in cell structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode proteins that play an important role in cell function (enzymes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode proteins or RNAs that play an important role in gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode RNA that does not become translated into protein |
|
|
Term
| DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of complementary nucleotide base pairs that are wound into a helix |
|
Definition
| describe the structure of DNA |
|
|
Term
| phosphate, deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base |
|
Definition
| what makes up a nucleotide? |
|
|
Term
| each strand of nucleotides is held together by covalent bonds between the nucleotides |
|
Definition
| how are nucleotides attached to each other? |
|
|
Term
| they form hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together |
|
Definition
| how do two nucleotide strands attach to each other? |
|
|
Term
| purines (G,A) pair with pyrimidines (C,T): A-T and C-G |
|
Definition
| which bases pair together and how? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the opposite orientation of each DNA strand with the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the base pairs that match up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A and T have a _____ hydrogen bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C and G have a ______ hydrogen bond |
|
|
Term
| semiconservative DNA replication |
|
Definition
| two DNA molecules at the end of replication consist of 1 strand from the old DNA molecule and 1 strand from the newly synthesized DNA |
|
|
Term
process- replicate one DNA molecule to 2 DNA molecules
purpose- use in generating new cells, mitosis, etc. |
|
Definition
| describe the process and the purpose of DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| helicase, gyrase, primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase |
|
Definition
| 5 enzymes used in replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to DNA and uncoils DNA into the strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes in front of helicase and removes supercoils from DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesizes an RNA primer at the 3' ends of the DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to DNA at the site of the primer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| links okazaki fragments together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is synthesized in short fragments called okazaki fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where replication is actually occurring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ________ _____ is replicated continuously from 5'- 3' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in DNA replication the new strand is synthesized from _____ and read from ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is a high concentration of adenine and thymine. it is easier to break because it only has 2 hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
| what is the major structural feature of the origin of replication? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotes have much more DNA therefore they have multiple... |
|
|
Term
| transcription of DNA to RNA and the translation of RNA to proteins, which are responsible for functioning in the body |
|
Definition
| explain the original central dogma of molecular biology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme complex responsible for removing introns for RNA segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helix, thymine, deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcribes from DNA in cells, and can bind to itself to form complex secondary and tertiary structures |
|
|
Term
| messenger, transfer, ribosomal, regulatory, primer, ribozymes |
|
Definition
| name the 6 different types of RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complementary copy of a gene, translated by ribosomes to synthesize proteins, 100-1000s of nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognizes a codon of mRNA and transfers the appropriate amino acid to the growing peptide chain during translation, interacts with itself to form hairpin loops which give it a cloverleaf structure, 75-95 nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms complex three dimensional structures, provide both structure and function to ribosomal subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate gene expression by interacting with either DNA or RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by ligase enzymes to help in initiation of DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA enzymes, remove introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generation of RNA from DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in the making of proteins |
|
|
Term
| in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| where does transcription occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in transcription, the template strand is complementary to the ___ strand encoding the protein of interest |
|
|
Term
| RNA polymerase and topoisomerase |
|
Definition
| the 2 enzymes used in transcription... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relieves supercoils ahead of the RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| initiation, elongation, and termination |
|
Definition
| the 3 steps of transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase and topoisomerase bind to the promotor and begin to unwind DNA and synthesize RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase and topoisomerase continue to move along the DNA to synthesize RNA; behind complex, DNA strands "reannel" (recoils) and resume their helical shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the end of a gene has a specific consequence which causes RNA polymerase to lose its ability to bind to DNA; when RNA polymerase reaches this site, it falls off of the DNA and the mRNA is released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in what direction is the template strand read? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in what direction is the mRNA strand generated? |
|
|
Term
redundancy
(you can look at an mRNA sequence and identify the amino acid but cannot do the opposite due to redundancy. there are 64 possible codon sequences but only 20 amino acids.) |
|
Definition
| means that a single amino acid can be coded by multiple codons (in the context of translation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this process, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids are brought together on ribosomes to synthesize proteins |
|
|
Term
read 5'-3'
(this is the only time it is read in this direction in translation) |
|
Definition
| how is the mRNA strand read? |
|
|
Term
| it enters at the P site and every other tRNA enters at the A site. it has a start codon of AUG |
|
Definition
| what is unique about the first tRNA used in translation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each mRNA encodes a single protein, transcription and translation occurs separately, genes include introns and extrons, mRNA requires additional processing before translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each mRNA may encode several proteins, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, no introns, mRNA does not require additional processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in catabolic reactions (ex. lac operon). transcription is normally turned off but can be turned ON. the regulator is the subsrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in anabolic operons (ex. arg operon). transcription of genes is normally turned on, but can be turned OFF. the regulator is the product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the two major causes of mutation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random change due to error in mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result from exposure to physical or chemical agent that damages DNA (mutagen) |
|
|
Term
They can be inserted across both strands of DNA, causing distortion in DNA shape (ex. Ethidium bromide). They can also be inserted during replication to replace normal nucleotide from inserting (ex. Nitrogen base analog (chemotherapy)). They cause strand breaks (ex. Gamma rays, x-rays), and they can create bonds between adjacent pyrimidines (UV radiation).
|
|
Definition
| in what ways can mutagens cause DNA damage? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition, deletion, or substitution of a single base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in DNA sequence that causes a change in the amino acid coded for during translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in a normal codon to a stop codon, causing premature termination of translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in base sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion or deletion of a base, which will cause the reading frame of the DNA to change; insertions in multiples of 3 do not result in this |
|
|
Term
| mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, and base excision repair |
|
Definition
What are the three major mechanisms of DNA damage repair?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replaces a single mismatched base during replication |
|
|
Term
| nucleotide excision repair |
|
Definition
| replaces a fragment of DNA at any point during a cell's lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replaces a single nucleotide base at any point during a cell's lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what test is used to determine whether a compound is mutagenic? |
|
|
Term
| it will have more cells growing (untreated control) |
|
Definition
| if a compound is mutagenic, what will its effect be on growth of cells in the ames test? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two compatible organisms attach via a pilus and transfer DNA. Organisms do not necessarily have to be of the same species, but do have to be of the same "mating group". Pilus forms from donor to recipient. DNA typically only transfers in one direction. What is being transferred is called the F factor and can be either plasmid or chromosomal DNA. this process may encode genes for drug resistance, toxin production, adhesion, toxic breakdown, etc.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uptake of free DNA fragments by a cell without a donor cell. May be a plasmid or chromosomal DNA. The cells that are capable of accepting the free DNA are called competent. this process is how plasmids are introduced into bacterial cells during genetic engineering.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer of bacterial DNA between cells with the aid of a virus. There is generalized and specialized transduction. Generalized: random fragments of host DNA are taken up by the virus during assembly. Specialized: particular section of host DNA is taken up by the virus to die to incorporation into and subsequent excision from the host chromosome.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doesn't kill microbes. just stops the growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| concentration and time of exposure |
|
Definition
| what two factors are most important for determining the amount of microbial death caused by microbicidal agent? |
|
|
Term
| cell wall, cell membrane, cellular synthetic processes (e.g. DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis), and specific cellular proteins or enzymes |
|
Definition
| what are the common cellular targets of microbicidal agents? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is used for sterilization or decontamination. Its mechanism of action: denaturation of proteins. Examples of how it might be used: steam under pressure, pasteurization, boiling water.
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ot as versatile or as widely used as moist heat, but it has several important sterilization applications. Mechanism: dehydrates cells, which removes water that is necessary for metabolic reactions. Incineration is the most common form of dry heat. It is the use of an open flame or electric heating coil. Its used for sterilization or decontamination, and it reduces microbes to ash and gas.
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used for decontamination. Gamma rays and X-rays. Its mechanism: cause DNA strand breaks and irreversible protein damage. Examples of how it might be used: to decontaminate foods that are sensitive to heat (meat and produce)
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must use direct exposure for decontamination to occur. Mechanism: causes thymine dimers to form, overwhelming cells' DNA repair machinery; forms free radicals. It used in UV, but it poorly penetrates liquids and solids.
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decontamination. Mechanism: physical removal of microbes from air and liquids. Commonly used to decontaminate blood, drugs, IV fluids, air.
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Definition
not sporicidal, can be highly toxic. They kill most bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Mechanism: disrupt cell walls and cell membranes at high concentrations, and inhibit some metabolic enzymes at low concentrations. Phenols are commonly used in the home.
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not sporicidal, but they are effective against enveloped viruses. Mechanism: >50% solutions dissolve membrane lipids and denature proteins, and their most effective at 70%. Ethyl and isopropyl are the most commonly used. Alcohols are commonly used in medical and lab settings.
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used for antisepsis. Mechanism- forms free radicals which are toxic to cells. Commonly used as an antiseptic for wounds as well as to sterilize complicated medical equipment.
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used for low-level disinfection. Mechanism: kill by disrupting cell membranes. Anionic: soaps, have limited effectiveness. Cationic: ammonium compounds.
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Definition
used for sterilization and high-level disinfection. Mechanism: deactivate intracellular and surface proteins. Commonly used to sterilize medical equipment that is sensitive to heat.
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Term
| cells are starting to die (the threshold has been reached) |
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Definition
| what's happening at the top arrow? |
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| cells die exponentially. for every unit of concentration you increase you will decrease the cell's viability by an equal amount |
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Definition
| what's happening at the middle arrow? |
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| the agent will reach a point where it no longer kills the cells |
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Definition
| what's happening at the bottom arrow? |
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