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Micro Test 1
Chapters 1-4
55
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2012

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Term
Koch
Definition
Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease (germ theory of disease), pure cultures, mycobacterium tuberculosis, vibrio cholerae
Term
Jenner
Definition
Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
Term
Pasteur
Definition
fermentation, disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization;
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid). Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for a short time. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. Nutrient broth heated, sealed and not sealed, growth and no growth. Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
Term
van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms.
Term
Ehrlich
Definition
Paul Erlich speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
Term
What are the important roles played by microbes in biotechnology?
Definition
the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, Recombinant DNA technology, a new technique
for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to
produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and
enzymes
Term
What are the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Definition
prokaryotes- pre neucleu, One circular
chromosome, not in a membrane, No histones, No organelles, Peptidoglycan cell walls if Bacteria, Pseudomurein cell walls, if Archaea, Binary fission
eukaryotes- a cell having DNA inside a sidtinct membrane, enclosed nucleus, Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane, Histones, Organelles, Polysaccharide cell walls, Mitotic spindle
Term
How are microorganisms named and classified?
Definition
Linnaeus established the system of scientific
nomenclature. Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet. Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet is lowercase. Are “Latinized” and used worldwide. May be descriptive or honor a scientist. After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the
specific epithet
Term
What are the various types of microorganisms and how do they differ?
Definition
Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Multicellular animal parasites.
Bacteria, archaea- prokaryotic
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Multicellular animal parasites- eukaryotic
Viruses- acellular
Term
Know the major types of chemical bonds, and the features of each.
Definition
ionic- attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons, and another gains electrons.
covalent- form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
hydrogen- form when a
hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
a decomposistion reaction in which a H ion and a OH ion reacts to for a water molecule
Term
Reversible reactions
Definition
Can readily go in either direction. Each direction may need special conditions
Term
Anabolism
Definition
the synthesis of molecules in a cell
Term
Catabolism
Definition
the decomposition reactions in a cell
Term
Exchange reactions
Definition
a chemical reaction that has both synthesis and decomposition components
Term
Coccus
Definition
a spherical or ovoid bacterium
Term
Bacillus
Definition
any rod shaped bacterium
Term
Vibrio
Definition
spiral shaped like a boomerang
Term
Spirillum
Definition
a helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium
Term
Spirochete
Definition
a corkscrew- shaped bacterium with acial filaments
Term
Strep-
Definition
chains
Term
Staph-
Definition
clusters
Term
Diplo-
Definition
pairs
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
the structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglusamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and a peptide side chain
Term
Lipopolysaccharide
Definition
a molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outter membrane of gram negitive cell walls
Term
Teichoic acid
Definition
a polysaccharide found in gram-possitive cell walls
Term
Flagella
Definition
a thin apendage from the surface of a cell; used for celluar movement; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9 + 2 microtubles in eukaryotic cells
Term
Axial filaments
Definition
the structure for motility found in spirochetes; also caleed endoflagellum, wraped around the body allowing movement
Term
The glycocalyx and capsules
Definition
Outside cell wall. Usually sticky. Capsule: neatly organized. Slime layer: unorganized and loose. Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach. Capsules prevent phagocytosi
Term
gram possitive cell wall
Definition
2-ring basal body, Disrupted by lysozyme, Penicillin sensitive
Term
gram negitive cell wall
Definition
4-ring basal body, Endotoxin, Tetracycline sensitive
Term
functional group alcohols
Definition
R-O-H
Term
functional group aldehyde
Definition
C=O C-H
Term
functional group keytone
Definition
C=O
Term
functional group methyl
Definition
C-H C-H C-H
Term
functional group amino
Definition
NH2
Term
functional group ester
Definition
C=O C-O
Term
functional group ether
Definition
H-C C-H C-O-C H-C C-H
Term
functional group sulfhydryl
Definition
SH
Term
functional group carboxyl
Definition
C=O C-OH
Term
functional group phosphate
Definition
O-P=O
Term
unsaturated fat
Definition
double bonds, kinked tail
Term
cis
Definition
H atoms on the same side of the double bond
Term
trans
Definition
H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond
Term
Compound light microscopy
Definition
the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens
Term
Darkfield microscopy
Definition
Dark objects are visible against a bright background, Light reflected off the specimen does not enter the objective lens
Term
Phase-contrast microscopy
Definition
Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen
Term
Differential interference contrast microscopy
Definition
Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen; uses two beams of light
Term
Fluorescence microscopy
Definition
Fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit visible light, the specimen may be stained with a UV stain
Term
Confocal microscopy
Definition
Cells stained with fluorochrome dyes, Short wavelength
(blue) light used to excite the dyes, The light illuminates
each plane in a specimen to produce a three-dimensional
image
Term
simple stain
Definition
Use of a single basic dye
Term
differential stains
Definition
Used to distinguish between bacteria
acid fast-Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol
gram stain-Classifies bacteria into gram-positive
or gram-negative
Term
special stains
Definition
Used to distinguish parts of cells
 Capsule stain- Negative stain
 Endospore stain- Primary stain: Malachite green, usually with heat, Decolorize cells: Water, Counterstain: Safranin
 Flagella stain- Mordant on flagella, Carbolfuchsin simple stain
Term
endosymbotic theory
Definition
an eary cell developed into the bacteria, archea, and eukarya. The bacteria later went onto for the chloroplasts of the eukarya cells. The archea went on to form the mitocondria of the eukarya cells. This theory is a model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote
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