Term
| simple structure that lacks a nucleus |
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Definition
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| the bacteria that causes tetenus |
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Definition
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| spherecal and ovoid bacteria are called |
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Definition
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| both types of rods (bacteria) is called |
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Definition
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| spiral shaped bacteria are called spirilla or |
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| cooci form two cell arrangements called |
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| streptococcus pneumoniae causes |
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Definition
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| some bacteria are refered to as _____________ which means they can change shape |
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Definition
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| bacteria can be classified by genus and species. further classification of bacteria can be based on |
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Definition
| size, shape, and arrangement |
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Term
| the gram stain can be used to classify most bacteria into foru major groups |
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Definition
| gram-positive, gram-negative, gram-variable, and gram-nonreactive |
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Term
| can be used to identify bacteria shapes and in particular spirochetes |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to whether or not a bacterium that is first stained and then washed with acid retains its staining dye |
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Definition
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| stainingis used to make organisms |
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Definition
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there are 2 types of dye:
simple stains which uses _______-
differiental dye which uses ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| is used to classfiy bacteria on the basis of their cell wall structure |
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Definition
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Term
| several stains such as the capsule, flagella an d endospore stains, are used to identify structures associated w/ the |
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Definition
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WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
You have to understand ___________ for success in studying microbiology in general and the process of infection in particular.
Understanding the relationship between ____________ is required for understanding the processes of infection and disease. |
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Definition
| why is CELL STRUCTURE AND HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIPS important |
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| Biologists classify microorganisms by their __and ____ name |
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Definition
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| An example is Clostridium tetani. Clostridium is the _______ and tetaniis the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
are the smallest living organisms and are microscopic.
are immensely diverse and very successful organisms that colonize all parts of the world and its inhabitants.
are referred to as pathogens if they cause disease. |
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Definition
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Term
Bacteria can be of different shapes, sizes, and arrangements.
The most common are the following |
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Definition
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Coccus (circular shaped)
Spirilla (spiral shaped) |
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Term
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Coccus (circular shaped)
Spirilla (spiral shaped)
positive stain
negative stains
simple stain
differential stains |
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Definition
stains the organism
stains the background
stain using one color
stain use more than one color |
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Term
takes advantage of the differences in the cell walls of bacteria.
process divides bacteria into four major groups:
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Gram-variable
Gram nonreactive |
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Definition
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Term
stains the background surrounding encapsulated bacteria.
It can be used to identify the presence of a capsule (important in virulence factors) as the background staining makes the capsule highly visible. |
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Definition
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Term
The flagella stain identifies the presence of flagella, which are used for motility.
Motility is important for infection as it allows the invading organisms |
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Definition
| to move from the initial infection site |
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Term
This stain is used to detect Mycobacterium species such as M. tuberculosis or M. leprae.
These organisms have mycolic acid (a virulence factor) in their cell walls, making the cell wall difficult to penetrate |
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Definition
| THE ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID FAST STAIN |
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Term
THE ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID FAST STAIN
uses heat as part of the process to break down the ___________ and permit the entry of the stain.
It is called _________ because positive cells retain color even after washing with acid.
Microbiology: A Clinical Approach, by Tony Srelkauskas© Garland Science
Approach © Garland Science
THE ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID FAST STAIN
© CDC/ Dr. George P. Kubica
ISBN: 978-0-8153-6514-3
Microbiology: A Clinical Approach, by Tony Srelkauskas© Garland Science
Approach © Garland Science
THE ENDOSPORE STAIN
Endospores are small, tough, dormant structures that can form in certain bacteria.
Heat is needed to make the endospore wall permeable to the stain. |
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Definition
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Term
are small, tough, dormant structures that can form in certain bacteria.
Heat is needed to make their permeable to the stain. |
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Definition
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Term
HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIPS
for the pathogen the interabtions depend oh what 3 things |
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Definition
The pathogen’s ability to evade or overcome the host’s defense
The pathogen’s ability to increase in numbers
The pathogen’s ability to identify transmission mechanisms to new hosts. |
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Term
HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIPS
For the host, the interactions depend on: |
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Definition
The host having useful functioning defenses
The host’s susceptibility to infection
The degree of compromise found within the host immune system |
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Term
infection is a matter of survival.
The human body contains huge numbers of harmless bacteria.
It interacts with enormous numbers of bacteria outside the body. |
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Definition
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Term
In most cases, the interactions between the body and the bacteria cause no harm.
Some bacteria have a ___________ with the host.
In these cases, the bacteria provide something beneficial to us and we provide something beneficial to them. |
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Definition
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Term
| pathogens cause infection by taking advantage of a hosts’ increased susceptibility of infection |
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Definition
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Term
charaacteristics are as follows:
They cause disease in healthy individuals.
They include viruses and bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics:
They have evolved mechanisms that can overcome host defenses.
Once inside, they can multiply rapidly.
Some are restricted to humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Successful infection requires the following from a pathogen |
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Definition
The ability to multiply in sufficient numbers
The ability to transmit to new hosts. |
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Term
Symptoms of certain infections can provide transmission mechanisms through:
_____ transmits respiratory infections.
_______ transmits digestive infections. |
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Definition
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Term
| Infections that kill too quickly inhibit |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathogens must be able to accomplish the five requirements for infection: |
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Definition
Entry (getting in)
Establishment (staying in)
Defeat the host defenses
Damage the host
Be transmissible |
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Term
refers to how harmful a pathogen is to the host.
depends on genetic factors of the pathogen.
These genetic elements are often turned on only in the host. |
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Definition
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Term
Pathogens carry virulence genes in clusters called __________.
These can be located on plasmids.
Plasmids can be transferred between cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Organisms sense their environment using special sensing proteins
is based on population densities.
Certain genes are only turned on when there are enough cells present:
An example of this is enterotoxin production in Salmonella |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria can grow in aggregated assemblies within their host. These assemblies are called |
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Definition
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Term
are clinically important because:
They can capture and retain nutrients (allowing continued growth).
They impede uptake of antibiotics and disinfectants.
They inhibit phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
is the barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell, it must be breached if pathogens are to gain entrance.
It contains specific receptors used by viruses to attach to host cells.
It can become the envelope for certain types of viruses. |
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Definition
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS: the Plasma Membrane |
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Term
is involved in a variety of infections.
It has a major role in viral infections.
Many viruses replicate in the host cell ______ |
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Definition
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Term
is involved in how cells are joined together to form tissue.
Many pathogens use the ________ as part of the infection process.
Shigella use microfilaments to move laterally between cells of the intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
Pathogens can attack the _______ and destroy their trapping capability.
In some respiratory diseases, such as pertussis (whooping cough), the pathogens (in this case Bordetella pertussis) attach to host ______ cells as an initial part of the infection |
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Definition
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Term
are very important in viral infections but not by choice.
The virus takes over the host cell _______ function.
It is then used only to make new virus |
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Definition
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Term
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Role of the ER & Golgi Apparatus in infection |
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Definition
| are involved in the biosynthesis and assembly of viruses. |
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Term
| is also involved in the adaptive immune response to infection |
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Definition
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Term
fuse with cellular vesicles.
They are responsible for destroying foreign materials that enter the cell.
They also act in recycling host cell components |
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Definition
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Term
participate in the degradation of proteins.
They are also involved in recycling protein components. |
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Definition
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Proteasomes |
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Term
of the host cell is important in many infections, particularly those caused by DNA viruses.
Copies of the viral DNA are made in the __________.
These copies are then moved into the cytoplasm to be used for the construction of new virus molecules. |
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Definition
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS:The Nucleus |
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Term
| There are three ways that endocytosis operates within a cell: |
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Definition
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
Many pathogens enter the host cell through the formation of ________.
This method provides protection for the pathogen from the host immune response.
Some pathogens bind to host cell receptors that trigger ________. This is particularly true of viruses |
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Definition
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