Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Micro terms 3
chp 3
81
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
05/17/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, polymer, etc.
Definition
1. Monomer
Term
A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Definition
3. Protein
Term
class of organic molecules that includes RNA and DNA
Definition
4. Nucleic acid
Term
substance that chemically speeds up reactions without itself being chemically changed or a part of the product
Definition
5. Catalyst
Term
form more complex molecules from smaller ones
Definition
6. Synthesize
Term
a reactant in which an enzymes acts on to causes a chemical action to proceed
Definition
7. Substrate
Term
- the result of a reaction. Anything that is produced, whether as the result of generation, growth, labor, or thought, or by the operation of involuntary causes.
Definition
8. Product
Term
9. The building of DNA via the joining of individual nucleotides is a

a. Catabolic reaction
b. Anabolic reaction
c. Cytobolic reaction
d. Amphibolic reaction
Definition
b. Anabolic reaction
Term
10. Biosynthetic reactions are also know as ______________________
Definition
anabolic reactions
Term
11. The Krebs cycle only accepts
a. Single carbons
b. Three-carbon molecules
c. Pyruvate
d. Two-carbon molecules

11. The Krebs cycle only accepts
a. Single carbons
b. Three-carbon molecules
c. Pyruvate
d. Two-carbon molecules
Definition
two carbon molecules
Term
A compound made up of several repeating units monomers joined together by dehydration synthesis. Ex: carbohydrates and proteins
Definition
polymer
Term
self feeding. ex: green plants
Definition
autotrophy
Term
organisms that use sunlight as a source of energy
Definition
photoautotrophs
Term
autotrophic organisms that obtain energy from chemical reacrtions involving inorganic substances such as nitrates and sulfates
Definition
chemoautotrophs
Term
other feeding. these organisms get their carbon atoms from organic molecules present in other organisms
Definition
heterotrophy
Term
obtain energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy
Definition
photoheterotrophy
Term
obtain chemical energy by breaking down organic compounds
ex: most infectious oraganisms
Definition
chemoheterotrophs
Term
organisms that carry out metabolic processes either way (anaerobically and aerobically)
ex: most pathogens
Definition
facultative anaerobes
Term
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (34-36 ATP + heat)
Definition
cwellular respiration equation
Term
the shape of the molecule provides site where the enzymatic activity takes place, it is here the substrate fits into the enzyme
Definition
active site
Term
many enzymes can catalyza reaction only if substances are present before they can react w/ a substrate.
have an active site that doesnt fit the enzymes substrate
Definition
apoenzyme
Term
helper substance that helps with binding of enzyme to substrate that is a mineral
Definition
cofactor
Term
helper substance that helps with binding of enzyme to substrate that is a nonprotien organic molecule
Definition
coenzyme
Term
carry hydrogen atomes or electrons in redox reactions.
ex:cofactors, coenzymes, NAD and FAD
Definition
carrier molecules
Term
with the type of enzymes known as ____________________ a cofactor is needed in the active site for the subtrate to fit properly. after the coenzyme has bound to the ________, the combination is known as a ____________.
Definition
apoenzyme

holoenzyme
Term
an inhibitor molecule, which is a molecule similar in shape to the substrate for a given enzyme, competes w/ the substrate to bind to the enzymes active site
Definition
competitive inhibition
Term
bind to a part of the enzyme at a site called an allsteric site which changes the structure of the enzyme so the substrate cant fit
Definition
allosteric molecule
Term
if the inhibitor levels build up sufficiently, inhibitor molecules bind to an allosteric site on the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site and preventing the reactions of the pathway from continuing
Definition
Feedback inhibition
Term
catabolic pathway in which gkucose is broken down resulting in the production of 2 ATP molecules for molecule of glucose involved
Definition
glycolysis
Term
phosphate groups are removed from ATP and transferred to substrates. this process makes substrates more energetic
Definition
phosphorylation
Term
is a process in aerobic respiration in which pyruvate produced earlier is metabolized further:

1. carbon is oxidized to CO2
2.electrons are transferred to coenzyme carrier molecules that take the electrons to the electron transport chain
3. energy is captured and stored when ADP is converted to ATP
Definition
krebs cycle
Term
electrons are transferred to a final electron accepter.
Definition
electron transport chain
Term
the transmembrane proton concentration gradient

is "energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and can be used for chemical, osmotic or mechanical work."

is a result of proton pumping across the cell membrane during the electron transport chain
Definition
proton motive force
Term
the metabolic process in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy
Definition
catabolism
Term
catabolism can involve glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm, as well as the krebs cycle and electron transport, which occur in the
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
involves a series of chemical changes that generate the release of protons and electrons
Definition
the krebs cycle
Term
electrons and protons are carried from the krebs cycle to the electron transport chain by reduced
Definition
coenzymes such as NADH and FADH2
Term
in the electron transport chain, the protons and electrons are moved through a series of oxidation reduction reactionsthat result in thformation of a concentration gradient called the
Definition
proton motive force
Term
protons are moved by the proton motive force across the plasma membrane of the bacterial cell and ___________ is released
Definition
energy
Term
the energy produced from protons moving across the plasma membrane is used to form
Definition
ATP
Term
is the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecules
Definition
fermemtation
Term
simplest pathway for metabolizing pyruvate. does not produce gas as a by product. the pyruvate molecule is converted directly to lactate with the reactions driven by energy of the electrons from NADH
Definition
homolactic fermentation
Term
CO2 is released from pyruvate to form the intermediate acetaldehyde.NADH then reduces the acetaldehyde to etanol. @ the same time, the NADH is oxidized to NAD.
Definition
alcoholic fermentation
Term
anabolic reactions are also known as ____________________- because they are used to syntesize all biological molecules needed by the cells of living organisms
Definition
biosynthetic reactions
Term
nearly all chemical processes of a cell consists of a series of chemical reactions known as a
Definition
pathway
Term
are proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation
Definition
2. Enzyme-
Term
breakdown of one molecule of glucose w/ out oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) yields
Definition
only 2 ATP
Term
autotrophic organisms obtain carbon from
Definition
CO2
Term
heterotrophic organisms obtain carbon from
Definition
organic molecules
Term
during a redox reaction elcetrons are
Definition
gained or lost
Term
complete oxidation of glucose yields
Definition
carbon dioxide water and energy
Term
in an enzymatic reaction the reaction material is the
Definition
substrate
Term
the majority of electrons are carried to the electron transport chain by
Definition
NAD
Term
is important to have a basic understanding of metabolism because it governs the survival and growth of microorganisms.
Definition
why is microbiology important
Term
A series of chemical processes that go on in living organisms.
Used to obtain energy.
Linked to growth
Definition
Metabolism is:
Term
Autotrophy –
Heterotrophy
Definition
carbon is obtained from inorganic substances
carbon is obtained from other organic molecules
Term
Nearly all infectious organisms are

chemoheterotrophs.
Chemoheterotrophsobtain energy by breaking down other organic molecules and compounds.
Definition
Chemoheterotrophs
Term
It is here that:
The substrate fits into the enzyme and the reaction occurs.
The enzyme and substrate interact to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
has to have the proper shape for th eenzyme to work
Definition
the active site
Term
Cellular respiration describes catabolic processes and is divided into:
Aerobic respiration\
Anaerobic respiration
Facultativelyanaerobic respiration
Definition
metabolidm that uses oxygen
metabolism that doesnt use oxygen
metabolism that can use oxygen but can occur w/ out it
Term
work by lowering the energy of activation.
highly specific
Definition
enzyme
Term
The shape of an enzyme molecule and the electrical charges found at the _______ allow for the reaction to work and are responsible for the enzyme’s specificity.
Definition
active site
Term
always degrades proteins because it reacts only with peptide bonds.
Definition
A proteolytic enzyme
Term
Many enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if other substances are present at the active site.
These enzymes are referred to as
Definition
apoenzymes
Term
bind to the active site and change the shape of the active site so the substrate now fits
Definition
cofactors and coenzymes
Term
The final product in a pathway accumulates and begins to bind to and inactivate the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the pathway.
It is reversible and, when the level of end product decreases, the inhibition stops and the pathway begins to function again
Definition
feedback inhibition
Term
The binding of the competitor is reversible and dependent upon the relative ____________ and ___________ present
Definition
numbers of inhibitor molecules and substrate molecules
Term
Three major factors affect enzyme activity:
Temperature
pH
Concentration of substrate, product and enzyme

Why
Definition
temp and pH can break hydrogen bonds and change shape

lower # of substrate, product, and enzyme molecules means a lower level of activity
Term
The reactions occur in the cytoplasm and do not require oxygen.
Four ATP molecules are produced
The first steps of the pathway consume two ATP molecules.
The net gain is two ATP molecules
Definition
ScienceGLYCOLYSIS
Term
During glycolysis:
Phosphates are transferred to substrates by phosphorylation.
Phosphorylation makes the substrates more energetic.
After a series of steps, the ____________ is broken into ___________.
NAD+carries electrons to the ____________
Definition
carvon glucose molecule

two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

electron transport chain
Term
Pyruvateis first modified with coenzyme A
This produces the Acetyl-CoAcomplex.
Definition
the prep step
Term
is a series of reactions in which chemical changes occur.
Within these reactions, hydrogen atoms are removed and their electrons are transferred to coenzyme carrier molecules.
The hydrogen atoms are carried by NAD+and FAD to the electron transport system
Definition
the kreb's cycle
Term
what 3 important things happen in the Kreb's cycle:

carbon?
electrons?
energy?
Definition
Carbon is oxidized as CO2.
Electrons are transferred to coenzyme carrier molecules that take the electrons to the electron transport chain.
Energy is captured and stored when ADP is converted to ATP.
Term
The electron transport chain is a sequence of molecules.
In eukaryotes, they are found in the inner _____________.
In prokaryotes, they are organized in the _______________
Definition
mitochondrial membrane

plasma membrane
Term
Electron transport differs from organism to organism and some organisms use more than one type.
As electrons move from one molecule to another in the chain, energy is released via a process called
Definition
chemiosmosis
Term
in chemiosmosis
electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, protons are pumped out of the cell.
This causes the proton concentration outside the cell to be higher than inside the cell, causing a
Definition
concentration gradient
Term
Specialized membrane proteins allow protons to re-enter the cell.
Energy is released as protons re-enter the cell.
This energy is used to bind phosphate to ADP, making the high-energy molecule ATP.
The difference in proton concentration in this process is called the proton motive force.
Definition
chemiosmosis
Term
Cells using anaerobic respiration generate__________ of ATP from one glucose molecule.
Cell using aerobic respiration generate ___________ of ATP from one glucose molecule.
Definition
two molecules
thirty eight total molecules
Term
is the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule.
ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation but is not linked to electron transport.
Definition
fermentation
Term
No oxygen is required for ATP to be synthesized.
Fermentation yields ____________ of ATP per glucose molecule.
Different microorganisms use different fermentation pathways
Definition
2 molecules
Term
are classified as biosynthetic reactions because they are used to synthesize all the biological molecules needed by the cells of living organisms
Definition
Anabolic reactions
Term
form the network of pathways that produce the components required by the cell for growth and survival
Definition
Biosynthetic reactions
Supporting users have an ad free experience!