Term
| In what pH do acidophiles best grow? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what pH do neutrophiles best grow? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what pH do alkaliphiles best grow? |
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Definition
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Term
| A pH change in an organisms environment may cause what? (name 2 things) |
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Definition
1. It may damage vital enzymes beyond repair.
2. It may destroy the necessary membrane potential. |
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Term
| Denaturing may be caused by something as small as what? |
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Definition
| A conformational change in the enzymes tertiary structure. |
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Term
| ________ is essential for all forms of life. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Due to an influx of water, the plasma membrane is pushed against the cell wall. |
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Term
Water moves from _________ [solute]
to __________ [solute] |
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Definition
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Term
| Osmotic pressure refers to what? |
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Definition
| ability to pull water toward itself |
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Term
Halophiles grow in salt concentrations of ________%
or higher/lower? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extreme halophiles grow in salt concentrations from ______% to _______% |
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Definition
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Term
| Osmotolerant bacteria usually grow where the salt concentrations are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenol Red Broth is what kind of test medium? Prepared as acid or base? What are some carbohydrates added? |
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Definition
| Differential test medium, as a base, (lactose, sucrose, glucose) |
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Term
| Phenol red is yellow below what pH? magenta above what pH? What color in between? |
|
Definition
| below 6.8, above 7.4, red in between. |
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Term
|
Definition
| added as an indicator of gas production. |
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Term
| In phenol red broth what turns the broth yellow? |
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Definition
| Acid production from the fermentation of carbohydrates. |
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Term
| In Phenol red broth what turns the broth pink? |
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Definition
| Deamination of peptone amino acids producing amino acids. |
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Term
| Aerobic respirers reduce _______ to _______. |
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Definition
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Term
Anaerobic respirers reduce ________
to ________ or _________. |
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Definition
| inorganic molecules to nitrate or sulfate. |
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Term
| Flavoproteins bypass a carrier in the ETC and do what? |
|
Definition
| Transfer electrons directly to oxygen. |
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Term
| The flavoprotein pathway produces ______ _______ such as H2O2 or superoxide radicals (O2-) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What catalyzes superoxides to hydrogen peroxide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What converts hydrogen peroxide to water and gaseous oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a catalase test what do we look for? |
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Definition
| Bubbles mean catalase is present to produce gas. |
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Term
Gram _____ bacteria contain the reducing enzyme
_________ _________. |
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Definition
| negative, nitrate reductase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Converting nitrate to molecular nitrogen (N2) |
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Term
| Nitrate broth is a(n) _________ medium. |
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Definition
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Term
| In nitrate test, reagents are added and no color change occurs. Zinc is added and the tube turns red. What can we say about the presence of nitrate reducers? |
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Definition
| Since zinc reduces any nitrate the solution did not contain any nitrate reducers. |
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Term
| What would we say if there were bubbles in a nitrate test? |
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Definition
| if the bacteria was not a known fermenter, dentrification has occured. otherwise we cannot say anything about a known fermentor because we do not know where the gas comes from. |
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Term
| What is SIM media used for? |
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Definition
| determination of sulfur reduction, indole production from tryptophan, and motility. |
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Term
| What does cysteine desulfurase do? |
|
Definition
| catalyzes cysteine to pyruvate |
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Term
| What does thiosulfate reductase do? |
|
Definition
| reduces sulfur at the end of the anaerobic ETC. |
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Term
| In SIM media, if there is a black precip. what is present? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrolyzes tryptophan to pyruvate |
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Term
| Indole test: Red in alcohol layer means what? |
|
Definition
| tryptophan broken down into pyruvate and indole. |
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Term
| Reactions that use water to split molecules are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes inside the cell are __________ and outside are ___________ or __________. |
|
Definition
| intracellular, extracellular or exoenzymes |
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Term
| Starch exists in 2 forms. What are they? |
|
Definition
| amylose (linear glucose) and amylopectin (branched) |
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|
Term
| What does alpha-amylase do? |
|
Definition
| breaks glycosidic linkages between sugar subunits. |
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|
Term
| In a Starch test what indicates a presence of amylase and how does it do it? |
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Definition
| Clearing around growth because amylase breaks down starch and there will be none to react around the growth. |
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Term
| Urea hydrolysis: Phenol red pH above 8.4 turns what color and is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| pink, caused by urease hydrolyzing urea to ammonia (base), orange or yellow=no urease production |
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|
Term
| Enzymes that hydrolyze fats are called what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A simple fat is called a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are composed of _________ and three _____-______ _______ ________. |
|
Definition
| glycerols and 3 long-chain fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| How are fatty acids catabolized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do fatty acids produce energy? How much of each type of energy are produced? |
|
Definition
Fatty acids + CoA --> acetyl CoA--> Krebs (TCA) cycle
--> 1 NADH + 1 FADH2 |
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|
Term
| How do we know if a lipase is present in a lipid hydrolysis test? |
|
Definition
| If there is a clearing around the growth. |
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Term
| ________ hydrolyzes the milk protein _______, the molecule that gives milk its color. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a casein hydrolysis test, what does a clearing in the agar mean? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is an Obligate (strict) anaerobe? |
|
Definition
| An organism that requires oxygen for respiration and grow where oxygen is the most plentiful. |
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|
Term
| What is a facultative anaerobe? |
|
Definition
| Organisms that grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. |
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|
Term
| What are Aerotolerant anaerobes? |
|
Definition
| Organisms that dont require oxygen but are not adversely effected by the presence of oxygen. |
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|
Term
| What is a Microaerophile? |
|
Definition
| organisms that survive in environments containing lower than atmospheric levels of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What is an obligate anaerobe? |
|
Definition
| organisms that die even in the presence of a small amount of oxygen. |
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Term
| In a fluid thioglycollate medium what is the redox indicator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does sodium thioglycollate do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 things that reduce oxygen? |
|
Definition
| inorganic carbon(makes CO2), activated carbon, ascorbic acid, water |
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|
Term
| In a thioglycollate medium what color will the fluid turn if oxidized? reduced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is an anaerobic jar set up? |
|
Definition
| A chemical gas generator packet with NaBH4 and sodium bicarbonate, a paper indicator strip soaked with methylene blue to confirm the absence of oxygen(colorless when reduced, blue when oxidized). Palladium acts as a catalyst ro produce desired conditions. |
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