Term
| Ziehl-Neelsen Stain (hot stain) |
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Definition
Primary Staining: Basic Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin;
Decolorizing: acid ethanol (3% HCL);
Counterstaining: with methylene blue;
The acid-fast bacteria retain the red color. Non acid-fast bacteria will not be red |
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Term
| Kinyoun Stain (cold stain) |
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Definition
Primary staining: Basic Kinyoun carbolfuchsin (in phenol to help the dye penetrate);
Decolorizing: acid ethanol (3% HCL);
Counterstaining: methylene blue. |
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Term
| Auramine O Stain (increased sensitivity and speed) |
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Definition
Primary staining: fluorochromes stain with phenolic auramine;
Decolorizing: acid ethanol (1% HCL);
Counterstaining: potassium permanganate or acridine orange;
Examine the smear with a fluorescent microscope: mycobacteria are bright yellow, luminous rods against a dark background. The potassium permanganate helps prevent non-specific fluorescence. |
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Term
| Modified acid fast or nocardia stain |
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Definition
Primary Staining: carbolfuchsin, no heating;
Decolorizing: mild agent, 0.5-2% H2SO4, usually no ethanol;
Counterstaining: with methylene blue. |
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Term
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Definition
NaOH (4%) with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC): get rid of bacteria and mucous
Oxalic acid: cystic fibrosis, resistant (mucoid) Pseudomonas |
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Term
| Interferon-gamma release assays |
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Definition
Incubate patient lymphocytes with TB antigens and detect release off IFN-γ
Measured by ELISA or by in-situ staining and counting cells
May replace the PPD
Single blood draw rather than 2 visits
No subjectivity in interpretation
Expensive, limited data so far |
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Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
37C, Grows in 12 –25 days.
Buff colored, dry cauliflower colony
Niacin accumulation, Nitrate reduction
TCH (T2H, Thiophene-2-carboxylic hydrazide) growth, M. bovis no growth
Cording factor: high lipid, Middlebrook agar, rope like colonies
No growth in NAP (p-nitro=a-aceylamino-Bhydroxypropiophenone)
Accuprobe(GenProbe) DNA probe test, 16s RNA
Susceptibility testing: agar dilution and Bactec liquid media
Primary drug panel: Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin, Rifampin, Ethambutol |
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Term
37C, Grows in 12 –25 days.
Buff colored, dry cauliflower colony
Niacin accumulation, Nitrate reduction
TCH (T2H, Thiophene-2-carboxylic hydrazide) growth, M. bovis no growth
Cording factor: high lipid, Middlebrook agar, rope like colonies
No growth in NAP (p-nitro=a-aceylamino-Bhydroxypropiophenone)
Accuprobe(GenProbe) DNA probe test, 16s RNA
Susceptibility testing: agar dilution and Bactec liquid media
Primary drug panel: Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin, Rifampin, Ethambutol |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
Niacin accumulation, Nitrate reduction
Cording factor: high lipid, Middlebrook agar, rope like colonies |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The Runyon classification of nontuberculous mycobacteria based on the rate of growth, production of yellow pigment and whether this pigment was produced in the dark or only after exposure to light. On these bases, the nontuberculous mycobacteria are divided into four groups: |
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Term
| The Runyon classification of nontuberculous mycobacteria based on the rate of growth, production of yellow pigment and whether this pigment was produced in the dark or only after exposure to light. On these bases, the nontuberculous mycobacteria are divided into four groups: |
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Definition
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Term
| Runyon I (Photochromogens): |
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Definition
slow growing, yellow pigment exposed to light.
M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. asiaticum, M. intermedium, M szulgai (25C) |
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Term
| Runyon II (Scotochromogens): |
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Definition
slow growing, yellow pigment in light or dark.
M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, M. flavescens, M. xenopi, M. szulgai (37C) |
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Term
slow growing, yellow pigment in light or dark.
M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, M. flavescens, M. xenopi, M. szulgai (37C) |
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Definition
| Runyon II (Scotochromogens): |
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Term
slow growing, yellow pigment exposed to light.
M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. asiaticum, M. intermedium, M szulgai (25C) |
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Definition
| Runyon I (Photochromogens): |
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Term
slow growing, no pigment.
M. avium-intracellulare, M. ulcerans, M. terrae, M bovis |
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Definition
| Runyon III (Nonchromogenic): |
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Term
| Runyon III (Nonchromogenic): |
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Definition
slow growing, no pigment.
M. avium-intracellulare, M. ulcerans, M. terrae, M bovis |
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Term
rapid growing, colonies in 7 days, no pigment.
M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae |
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Definition
| Runyon IV (Rapid growth): |
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Term
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Definition
Tap water
37C, 10-20 days, photochromogen (yellow in light)
Niacin -, Nitrate +, Tween 80 +, 68C catalase +, PZA +
Acid fast stain: cells are larger, broader and more coarsely beaded than other mycobacterium
Clinically mimics pulmonary TB, cavities, scarring, & does not disseminate |
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Term
Tap water
37C, 10-20 days, photochromogen (yellow in light)
Niacin -, Nitrate +, Tween 80 +, 68C catalase +, PZA +
Acid fast stain: cells are larger, broader and more coarsely beaded than other mycobacterium
Clinically mimics pulmonary TB, cavities, scarring, & does not disseminate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Optimum 30C, not 37C, 5 – 14 days, photochromogen
Niacin+, Nitrate-, Tween 80+, 68C catalase -, PZA+, urease+
Disease: skin infection. traumatized skin exposed to fresh water or salt water (swimming pools, fish tanks, water cooling towers); Tender, red or blue red subcutaneous nodules (swimming pool granuloma); Extend up the arm, spread along lymphatics, can appear clinically like Sporotrichosis. |
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Term
Optimum 30C, not 37C, 5 – 14 days, photochromogen
Niacin+, Nitrate-, Tween 80+, 68C catalase -, PZA+, urease+
Disease: skin infection. traumatized skin exposed to fresh water or salt water (swimming pools, fish tanks, water cooling towers); Tender, red or blue red subcutaneous nodules (swimming pool granuloma); Extend up the arm, spread along lymphatics, can appear clinically like Sporotrichosis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
37C, 10-14 days, Scotochromogen (always yellow)
Niacin-, Nitrate-, Tween 80-, thermostable catalase, urease+
Unilateral lymphadenitis involving nodes high in the neck – normal children Scrofula; Drain nodes through skin; Rare disseminated disease |
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Term
37C, 10-14 days, Scotochromogen (always yellow)
Niacin-, Nitrate-, Tween 80-, thermostable catalase, urease+
Unilateral lymphadenitis involving nodes high in the neck – normal children Scrofula; Drain nodes through skin; Rare disseminated disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
‘Tap-water, scotochromogenic, prefer 30°C
Almost always a contaminant, most common contaminant isolated in AFB cultures. Mostly non-pathogenic, even in immunocompromised |
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Term
‘Tap-water, scotochromogenic, prefer 30°C
Almost always a contaminant, most common contaminant isolated in AFB cultures. Mostly non-pathogenic, even in immunocompromised |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Found in hot water systems—optimum growth 42°C
Chronic pulmonary disease in adults with underlying disease (COPD or bronchiectasis)
Extrapulmonary infection only in immunocompromised |
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Term
Found in hot water systems—optimum growth 42°C
Chronic pulmonary disease in adults with underlying disease (COPD or bronchiectasis)
Extrapulmonary infection only in immunocompromised |
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Definition
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Term
Long, larger than T.B
Beaded |
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Definition
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Term
Long, larger than T.B
Beaded |
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Definition
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Term
| M. avium-intracellulare complex |
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Definition
Most common, #1 isolated mycobacteria so far
High organism load in intestine, liver, spleen, or bone marrow
Positive blood cultures are common
Involvement of GI tract – pos AFB smears in stool
Pathology: necrotizing rather than granulomatous
Laboratory –
37C, 7-21 days, nonphotochromogen
Niacin -, Catalase -, T2H +
DNA probe, GenProbe |
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Term
Most common, #1 isolated mycobacteria so far
High organism load in intestine, liver, spleen, or bone marrow
Positive blood cultures are common
Involvement of GI tract – pos AFB smears in stool
Pathology: necrotizing rather than granulomatous
Laboratory –
37C, 7-21 days, nonphotochromogen
Niacin -, Catalase -, T2H +
DNA probe, GenProbe |
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Definition
| M. avium-intracellulare complex |
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Term
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Definition
Optimum 32C, 28-60 days, non photochromogens.
Niacin-, nitrate-, pyrizinimidase-
Clinical: painless skin lesion, boil turning into ulcer (Barnsdale ulcer), can progress into avascular coagulation necrosis |
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Term
Optimum 32C, 28-60 days, non photochromogens.
Niacin-, nitrate-, pyrizinimidase-
Clinical: painless skin lesion, boil turning into ulcer (Barnsdale ulcer), can progress into avascular coagulation necrosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Form colonies in 7 days
All 3-day arylsulfatase positive
All grow on MacConkey agar lacking crystal violet
Differentiated using 3 biochemical tests: |
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Term
Form colonies in 7 days
All 3-day arylsulfatase positive
All grow on MacConkey agar lacking crystal violet
Differentiated using 3 biochemical tests: |
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Definition
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Term
| Rapid growers Differentiated using 3 biochemical tests: |
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Definition
| Iron uptake 5%NaCl tolerance Nitrate reduction |
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Term
| Iron uptake 5%NaCl tolerance Nitrate reduction |
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Definition
| 3 tests to differentiate rapid growers |
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Term
| M.fortuitum/chelonae complex |
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Definition
37C, 3- 5 days, rapid growers. Grows on MacConkey agar
Clinical correlation: cutaneous infections, line infections, wound infections, needle injections. |
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Term
37C, 3- 5 days, rapid growers. Grows on MacConkey agar
Clinical correlation: cutaneous infections, line infections, wound infections, needle injections. |
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Definition
| M.fortuitum/chelonae complex |
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Term
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Definition
Pulmonary infections: nodular/bronciectatic disease similar to MAC; also in CF patients;
Disseminated cutaneous disease |
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Term
Pulmonary infections: nodular/bronciectatic disease similar to MAC; also in CF patients;
Disseminated cutaneous disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Catheter and device-associated infections |
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Term
| Catheter and device-associated infections |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nnumbness in earlobes or nose: peripheral nerve abnormality
Lapromatous leprosy: progressive and fatal, diffuse and nodular, disfiguring lesions, foamy microphage, massive number of organisms in Fite stain, lepromin test -. Infiltrate nerve and muscle
Tuberculoid leprosy: limited and self healing, less severe, few lesions, non-caseating granulomas, few organisms, lepromin test+
No growth on artificial media, need foot pads of armadillo or mice.
AFB stain (Fite > ZN), cigar packets
Dapsone for therapy? |
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Term
Nnumbness in earlobes or nose: peripheral nerve abnormality
Lapromatous leprosy: progressive and fatal, diffuse and nodular, disfiguring lesions, foamy microphage, massive number of organisms in Fite stain, lepromin test -. Infiltrate nerve and muscle
Tuberculoid leprosy: limited and self healing, less severe, few lesions, non-caseating granulomas, few organisms, lepromin test+
No growth on artificial media, need foot pads of armadillo or mice.
AFB stain (Fite > ZN), cigar packets
Dapsone for therapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| progressive and fatal, diffuse and nodular, disfiguring lesions, foamy microphage, massive number of organisms in Fite stain, lepromin test -. Infiltrate nerve and muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| progressive and fatal, diffuse and nodular, disfiguring lesions, foamy microphage, massive number of organisms in Fite stain, lepromin test -. Infiltrate nerve and muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| : limited and self healing, less severe, few lesions, non-caseating granulomas, few organisms, lepromin test+ |
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Term
| No growth on artificial media, need foot pads of armadillo or mice |
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Definition
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